1. The Italian peninsula had not been unified since Roman times By the early 1800s, Italian- speaking patriots were determined to build a new, united Italy As in Germany, Napoleon’s invasions sparked dreams of nationalism because France ruled many parts of Europe

2. Nationalism What is nationalism? – The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands and people Nationalism that separates culturally different lands and people

3. Italy Before Unification Each Italian state was independent prior to Italian unification. Each state had its own leader, government, laws, etc.

5. Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850? Prince Metternich of Austria wanted to maintain old Europe (pre- Napoleon order)

6. Congress of Vienna ignored national groups, placing groups under the control of large empires with different ethnicities Italy is split into 3 separate groups -Northern Italy was under Austrian rule -Other parts under French Rule -Another part under Hapsburgs Rule

7. Giuseppe Mazzini

8. The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872) Giuseppe Mazzini was a popular writer whose goal was to unite Italy – Launched a group call Young Italy – Was exiled for his outspoken nationalism – Smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy – Believe that Europe need to redraw the lines – Attracted tens of thousands to Italian Unification cause

9. Giuseppe Mazzini Italian nationalist leader (1830s) Mazzini founded “Young Italy”, a secret society to promote a free, independent, republic nation To nationalists like Mazzini, establishing a unified Italy made sense because of geography, common language, and history It made economic sense because it would end trade barriers among Italian states Unification would stimulate industry to allow Italy to prosper economically

10. The Soul: Mazzini (1805-1872) The Duties of Man: “O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…” The Idealist Patriot

11. Uprising and Revolutions Mazzini had help Italians realize their destiny – Nationalist inspired revolutions began to pop up on Italy – Northern State of Piedmont declared war on Austria Lost after 1 year with Piedmont defeats – Northern States are not liberated from Austrian Empire – Revolutionaries seized Rome – Set up a Republic that Mazzini and 2 others governed – French troops would help the pope regain control – Sardinia was the only successful revolt – Revolutionaries forced rulers of Sardinia to adopt a new constitution and remain independent Revolutionary failures do not weaken Nationalist movement

12. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)  Cavour expressed nationalist movement is still strong enough to unite Italy even with difference  Goal is to unite Italy  Becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia  Builds Sardinia Economy  Believes that all of Italy’s Economy must thrive  Achieves in gaining a power ally in France Noble Statesman in Sardinian Government, 1850-1861

13. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861)  Supports France in war with Russia.  In return Sardinia gives France providence of Savoy and Nice  France also will support Sardinia in a war with Austria.  By 1860 the Northern Italian States w/o Venetia were liberated from Austrian control and united

14. The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)  Goal was to Unify Italy  Lived in exile in S. America were he learn Guerilla warfare  Helped in defeating Austria in North Unification  Led RED SHIRTS, his army of 1000 soldiers towards the South and the Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies  Conquered island of Sicily then headed towards Naples Military Leader

15. The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)  The North and South are conquered and united  Only Venetia and Papal States not unified…  Austria controls Venetia  Austria and Prussia go to war  Italians side with Prussia  Prussians win and give Italians Venetia  France and Prussia go to war  France pulls out of Rome(Papal States)  Unification is complete.

16. Victor Emmanuel II King of Sardinia

17. Victor Emmanuel II Constitutional monarch (king) of Sardinia Hoped to join other states with Sardinia to increase his power 1852: he appointed Count Camillo Cavour as Sardinia’s prime minister Cavour’s long-term goal was to end Austrian power in Italy With help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria and annexed (take control of) Lombardy, a northern province Meanwhile, nationalist groups overthrew Austrian- backed leaders in other northern Italian states

18. United Italy During the Franco-Prussian War, however, France was forced to withdraw its troops from Rome to fight against Prussia in 1870 No more French troops on the Italian Peninsula! Additionally, Italy acquired Venetia in a deal with Bismarck after the Austro-Prussian War For the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire, Italy was a united land

19. Government: Divisions between: parliamentary monarchy (King Victor Emmanuel ) Limited suffrage (most adult males) Limited working hours No Child Labor Improved cities and industry social classes (rich/poor) – New taxes led to poverty/unemployment – huge numbers emigrating to America (4.5M) regions (N/S) – South resented being ruled by Rome – Catholic Church would not let Catholics vote out of resentment

20. Government Problems Italy faced many problems as anarchists and radicals struggled against the conservative government Anarchists turned to violence and sabotage to achieve their goals Tensions grew between the north and the south To distract attention from troubles at home, the government send its military overseas to establish an Italian empire in Ethiopia

21. Italy Ethiopia

22. Economic Differences North was richer, more industrial, and had more cities South was poor and rural with a less educated population Still, Italy developed economically and the population grew For many, however, emigration offered a chance to improve their lives Large numbers of Italians left for the United States, Canada, and Latin America for a better life