1. Unification Power in Numbers??

2. Oh peace… so close, yet so far… What problems were created by the Congress of Vienna? What influence does the Enlightened ideas on social issues and… successful American Revolution and … not so successful French revolution and… Conservative return of monarchs have on the way Europeans view government?

3. Unification Q: What does unification mean? A: Unification – to become one; to unite as a group.

4. Unification of Italy Q: If this is about Italy becoming one, what does that mean about Italy before this? A: It was divided…. How?

5. Unification of Italy Q: What was the leading factor in the unification of Italy? A: The growth of Nationalism. …..And what exactly does that mean?

6. So, what is nationalism? Nationalism is: Pride in a country’s heritage Monuments

7. And?? Nationalism is Pride in your country’s heritage Flags

8. Who are you loyal to? What makes you proud of where you came from, who you are?? Nationalism includes so much more: National Anthem Language Religion Cultural Heritage – holidays for heroes, art works such as statues, types of food, local traditions… like a chili cook off ! Anything which is a shared feature of a country, group, or culture. Significance is not seen by everyone….

9. What is all this about?? National Pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism. Can you list example of each? Nationalist – people who were more loyal to their country than their king, due to common bonds – history, language, culture, and ideas. They believe they should unite under one government!

10. The French Revolution…. How Inspiring! Nationalism grew in Italy during the early 1800s… particularly after the reign of Napoleon in France. Lasting Peace or Building Resentment?? Why?? Congress of Vienna of course!

11. What else was going on in Europe you ask? Francis Joseph divides Austria-Hungary into two independent states. Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. Successful rule for nearly 75 years. did not want to lose his lands to the Serbians.

12. Unification of Italy Two key figures: Camillo di Cavour Guiseppe Garibaldi

13. Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister of Sardinia Wealthy aristocrat who works very hard to expand Piedmont- Sardinia’s territory and power through diplomacy. Provokes war with Austria and gains land with help from French and helps to unite northern Italy.

14. Guiseppe Garibaldi Led group of Italian nationalists to capture Sicily, 1860 Always wore bright red shirt – became known as the red shirts Agreed to unite southern conquests with Sardinia -Steps aside & allows King Victor Emmanuel II rule

15. Eventually Papal States (Rome) joined Italy - 1870 In 1870, Papal states joined with the southern and northern areas and became the country we know today as Italy. Vatican City stays under control of Pope

16. Problems! Austria loses the most land to Italy Fierce rivalries btw provinces (N v. S) Political instability Economic problems

17. Unification of Germany

18. Germany does not exist in 1800. What does exist is the Holy Roman Empire…

19. Who, exactly, is in charge here? 1815: loose grouping of 39 (down from 300) German states = German Confederation (Prussia & A-H dominate) Prussian Advantages Mainly German population Most powerful army in Central Europe Industrialized faster

20. Impetus for Change Failed 1848 Revolutions Several revolutions in 1848 occurred. Most important was in France where King Louis Philipe was removed. Brought about uprisings in German states

21. Epic Fail Revolutions 1830-1848 Liberals and Nationalists in Europe revolt against conservative governments Belgian declares independence from Dutch Italian Nationalists work to unite states on Italian peninsula (some under Austrian, Papal, or self government) Polish revolt against Russian Rule Czech liberals want Bohemian independence from Prague French overthrow Monarch, end with Louis-Napoleon Most liberal gains lost within a year…. Why?? What events or ideas made these revolutions unsuccessful?

22. Unification of Germany Wilhelm I – Prussia’s new king. Gains support from the Junkers – wealthy landowners. German states have: Same language Same religion Shared history Cultural ties How hard is this going to be? You tell me…

23. “Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied” Otto von Bismarck - chosen as Wilhelm’s prime minister. Ambitious and dedicated to his country and his king. used war and German nationalism.

24. Unification of Germany I will do ANYTHING to make Germany happen!!! “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.” Adopts the idea “Realpolitik” – politics of reality. (Justifies all means to achieve and hold power, coercive, manipulative, amoral) After setting up an alliance with Austria, von Bismarck, instigates a war. Prussia defeats Austria gaining more territory.

25. Franco-Prussian War 1870 Take 80,000 FR prisoners (Napoleon III) Jan. 1871: take Paris & Versailles = Wilhelm I “Kaiser”-Second Reich “Blood & Iron” domination over Europe

26. Unification of Germany King Wilhelm I claims himself Kaiser (Caesar) – emperor. Germany becomes the Second Reich, while the Holy Roman Church remains the first.