3. The Crimean War [1854-1856] Russia [claimed protectorate over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire France Piedmont-Sardinia Great Britain [seeking to protect Suez Penn. overland route from Med. To Red Sea]

4. The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…

5. The Crimean War [1854-1856]

6. Florence Nightingale [1820-1910] “The Lady with the Lamp”

7. Treaty of Paris [1856]  No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.  All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

9. Zollverein, 1834  Zollverein: A free-trade between the German-speaking nations of northern Europe - no or limited tariffs on goods traded across borders  Dominated by Prussia – most militarily powerful German state.

10. Prussia/Austria Rivalry

12. Wilhelm I of Prussia Helmut von Moltke “Blood & Iron” The “Iron Chancellor ” Realpolitik Otto von Bismarck

13. Otto von Bismarck Quotes: The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions — that was the mistake of 1848-1849 — but by blood and iron.

14. I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war. Otto von Bismarck Quotes (cont.):

15. The German Confederation: Austria excluded, Prussia dominates! The German Confederation: Austria excluded, Prussia dominates!

16. Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

17. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria

18. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague Napoleon III astride a charging “War” horse and a weak “Peace” horse.

19. Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain topples the Hapsburg monarchy. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

20. Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

21. Bismarck & Napoleon III After the Battle of Sedan Bismarck & Napoleon III After the Battle of Sedan

22. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire. The Italians took Rome and made it their capital. Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. ------------------- France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

23. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888] Prussian Junkers swear allegiance to Wilhelm I

24. German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

25. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

26. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

27. Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

28. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

29. Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

30. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890] Kaiser Wilhelm II fires Bismark to eliminate a political rival. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890] Kaiser Wilhelm II fires Bismark to eliminate a political rival.

32. Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

33. Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”? Opposed establishing central government over Italy not controlled by the RC Church. Opposed losing control over Papal States and The Marches to a unified Italy (would have meant loss of tenant rent income for him personally).

34. Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849) During 1848/1849 revolutions, France sent troops to Rome & the Vatican to protect the Pope and the RC Church.

35. Sardinia- Piedmont: The “Magnet” (The most liberal of the Italian states) Sardinia- Piedmont: The “Magnet” (The most liberal of the Italian states) Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”] (Reference to the past glory of the Roman Republic)

36. Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821 Carbonari (“charcoal burners) were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. Although their goals often had a patriotic and liberal focus, they lacked a clear political agenda. They were a focus for those unhappy with the political situation in Italy following 1815, especially in the south of the Italian Peninsula. Members took part in important events in the process of Italian unification (often referred to as the Risorgimento), especially the Revolution of 1820, and in the further development of Italian nationalism.

37. Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea Sides with Great Britain & France against Russia. What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

38. Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858 Mutual defense treaty against Austria established. What “deals” are made here?

39. Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War, 1859 Cavour provokes attack by Austria over Lombardy & Venetia By terms of treaty with Napoleon III, France comes to Piedmont’s aid. Austria suffers losses in several battles, forcing withdrawal from Lombardy French battle losses high, Napoleon make separate peace with Austria

40. Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

41. Step #6: Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

42. Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Italy is united!

43. A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

44. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871 What problems still remain for Italy?

46. Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

47. Austrian Imperial Flag

48. Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

49. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria- Hungary The Hungarian Flag

50. Russian Imperial Flag

51. Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

52. Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

53. Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War. Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861- 1863].

54. Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Reactionary. Slavophile. “Russification” program. Jews  forced migration to the Pale

55. Russian Expansion The Pale

56. Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

57. The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c “The Sicker Man of Europe”