2. : wealthy/nobility=monarchies :middle-class=elected parliaments with educated & landowners voting : democracy to all

3. DEFINITION: pride in one’s nation Nation: similar culture & history Give Examples Frayer Model Nation-state: nation has own independent government Culture History Language Territory Nationality Religion

5. Balkan Region controlled by Ottoman Empire Greek and Serbian independence Many Still lived under Ottoman rule

6. Austrian Empire Home to many ethnic groups VERY conservative “Rule and change nothing,” Francis I to his son (stay with a conservative govt) Lost land to Prussia Split empire into 2-Austria & Hungary After losing the Austro-Prussian War, Francis Deak (Hungary) creates dual monarchy with Francis Joseph Collapsed after WWI

7. Ottoman Empire Also home to many ethnic groups Granted equal citizenship to everyone under their rule; weakening Austria takes provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, angering the Serbs Serbs hoped to expand into That region (another seed of WWI)

8. Difficult to unite due to regional differences that caused tensions with border nations

9. Giuseppe Mazzini (from Genoa) established Young Italy in the 1830’s Goal: “to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation”

10. Kingdom of Sardinia: largest & most powerful Italian State King Victor Emmanuel II Cavour=prime minister Gained control of northern Italy Controlled all of northern Italy but Venetia Victor Emmanuel II Cavour

11. Garibaldi & Red Shirts Gained control of southern Italy Garibaldi then let King Emmanuel II rule claimed land in southern Italy Garibaldi & Cavour then took over Venetia & the Papal States Rome became capital of United Italy Pope governed Vatican City

12. Complete Unification of Italy Timeline

13. Vatican City Explained

14. 39 German States formed the German Confederation, (weak alliance) dominated by Austrian Empire

15. Mainly German population, unified by nationalism Most powerful military in Europe King Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck=prime minister Realpolitik: Power is more important than principle Ruled without consent of parliament Known for Blood and Iron speech Wilhelm I Bismarck

16. 1.War against Denmark: Prussia & Austria vs Denmark Gained Schleswig (Prussia) & Holstein (Austria) Prussia gained respect from German Confederation

17. 2. Seven Weeks’ War Bismarck instigated war with Austria in border dispute over Holstein Prussia defeats Austria Eastern & Western Prussia joined to form Northern Germany

18. 3. The Franco-Prussian War Southern Germans=Catholic Prussians=Protestants Bismarck instigated war with France to unite German nationalism & gain control of southern German states French surrendered Nationalism united northern & southern Germany under Prussian control Wilhelm I named kaiser (emperor)

19. Franco-Prussian War: Results 1. France was forced to give Germany the Alsace Lorraine 2. Germany’s harsh treatment of France planted seeds for WWI 3. France had to pay $ to Germany

20. Complete Three Wars Graphic Organizer Complete Unification of Germany DBQ

21. In 1800s, not industrialized & still relied on serfs Serfdom morally wrong & preventing empire from economically advancing Landowning Nobles dominated society, opposed change & freedom of serfs Crimean war showed Russia was inadequate with rest of Europe Czar Alexander II freed the serfs

22. Russian Empire Alexander III, strict conservative ruler Pogroms (organized attacks) against Jews Russification: forcing Russian culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire backfired => strengthened nationalistic feelings Collapsed after WWI & Russian Revolution Several issues leading up to the collapse Bloody Sunday – massive protest and outbreak of violence as a result of weaknesses in the Russian government. People lost faith in the Tsar and his government.

23. Congress of Vienna had established 5 great powers equal in strength By mid 1800s: Britain- gained strength France- middle of pack Austria- losing power Prussia (now Germany)- gained strength Russia- losing power Sets Stage for WWI

24. Complete Europe Before and After Unification Map Activity