1. Chapter 10 Nationalism Triumphs Europe

2. Ch 10-1 Building a German Nation What early changes promoted German unity? Btwn 1807-1812, Napoleon made territorial changes in German- speaking land. Annexed land for France Proposed freeing serfs Supported trade Abolished laws against Jews Many Germans resented changes & wanted a unified German state. 1830s Prussia & German enter trade alliance (Zollverein)

3. Ch 10-1 Building a German Nation How did Bismarck unify Germany? Otto von Bismarck- Prussian diplomat; in 1862 made chancellor (prime minister) by King William IV He believed in realpolitik (realistic politics); wanted to unify Germany out of loyal to Prussian royal family Bismarck strengthened Prussian army which led to 3 victorious wars that led to increase power for Prussian & united Germany

4. Ch 10-1 Building a German Nation Three Wars w/ Prussian victories 1. 1864 – in alliance w/ Austria, Prussia seized 2 provinces of Denmark where many Germans lived 2. 1866 – Austro-Prussian War – Prussia annexed other Northern German states & created new German Confederation led by Prussia. 3. 1870 Franco-Prussian War – Prussia’s army defeated Napoleon III’s forcing the French to surrender

5. Ch 10-1 Building a German Nation What was the basic political organization of the new German empire? William I of Prussia took title of Kaiser (emperor) 1871 German’s Second Reich (empire) was born: Constitution est. a two-house legislature: Bundesrat (upper house) – appointed by rulers of German states [powerful] Reichstag (lower house) – elected by universal male suffrage.

6. Ch 10-1 Building a German Nation Unification of Germany, 1865-1871

7. 10-2 The German Industrial Giant By the late 1800s, Germany excelled in chemical, electrical, and shipping industries. Characteristics for Industrialization: Ample iron and coal resources Disciplined and educated work force Rapidly growing pop. 1850s-1860s, Germans founded large companies and built railroads German industrialist valued applied science in developing new products like synthetic chemicals and dyes

8. 10-2 The Iron Chancellor Bismarck, called the Iron Chancellor, applied ruthless methods to achieve his goals. Foreign Policy goals: Bismarck wanted to keep France weak and isolated while building strong links w/ Austria. Later, Bismarck competed w/ Britain for colonies to expand Germany’s overseas empire. Domestic goals: Bismarck sought to erase local loyalties & crush all opposition to the state. He targeted the Catholic Church and socialists.

9. 10-3 Kaiser William II When William II came to power, he wanted to put his own stamp on Germany. During his reign, he... Asked Bismarck to resign. (He believed in divine-right and that “there is only one master of the Reich”) Resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms Provided services (social welfare, cheap transportation, electricity) Launched campaign to expand German navy and win an overseas empire

10. Ch 10-2 Worksheet Strengthening Germany (1)The German Industrial Giant (2) Economic progress (3) Science Industry and Govt. (4) The Iron Chancellor (5) Campaign Against the Church (6) Campaign Against the Socialist (7) Kaiser William II a.  He made Bismarck resign due to believed in divine right.  He made transportation cheaper.  Gave the people education and social welfare.  Spent money on German military.  Campaigned to expand German navy and overseas empire. b.  Germany’s big industries are chemical and electrical.  Germany became second in shipping to Britain. c.  Bismarck feared socialists would start a revolution and he tired to repress them.  Bismarck made laws to help the working class (health/accident insurance, old-age pension)  Social Democratic party grew despite reforms. d.  Germany had coal and iron resources, an educated work force, and growing population.  Germans founded companies and built railroads. House of Krupp produced steel and weapons. e.  Bismarck felt that the Catholic people were more loyal to the Pope.  The government tried to control the Church, (kulturkampf)  The plan backfired; Bismarck made peace with the Church. f.  Bismarck built alliances with Austria and Russia.  He used ruthless methods to achieve unification.  He also targeted the socialists and Catholics. g.  Industrialist valued science; supported research and development to solve technological problems.  Government reorganized the banking system.  Used single currency for Germany.  More coordinated railroads lines.  Raised tariffs to protect home industries.

11. Ch 10-3 Unifying Italy 1831 Gisueppe Mazzini founded Young ltaly. 1848 Leadership of the Risogrimento (Italian nationalist movement), passed to the kingdom of Sardinia (monarch was Victor Emmanuel II) 1849 Mazzini's revolutionary republic in Rome was toppled by French forces. 1852 Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister. 1855 Led by Cavour, Sardinia joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia (Sardinia didn’t win, but gained Napoleon’s attention. 1858 Cavour negotiated secret deal with Napoleon, who promised to aid Sardinia in case it faced war with Austria.

12. Ch 10-3 Unifying Italy 1859 Sardinia, with help from France, defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy. Nationalist groups overthrew Austrian-backed rulers in northern Italian states & joined them w/ Sardinia. 1860 Garibaldi recruited volunteer forces, won control of Sicily and Naples. Sardinians overran the Papal States. Garibaldi turned over Sicily and Naples to Victor Emmanuel II. 1861 Victor Emmanuel II crowned king of Italy. 1866 In Austro-Prussia War, Italy acquired Venetia. 1870 In Franco-Prussia War, France was forced to withdraw its troops from Rome. Italy was a united land.

13. 10-3 Unifying Italy

14. Ch 10-3 Unifying Italy - Identify Giuseppe Mazzini Nationalist leaders who founded Young Italy; attempted to setup republic in Rome Victor Emmanuel II Constitutional monarch of Sardinia who becomes king of Italy Camillo Cavour Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister, monarchist, believed in Realpolitik Giuseppe Garibaldi Nationalist, ally of Mazzini, wanted to create an Italian republic

15. Ch 10-3 Unifying Italy - Questions 1. Austria took control of most of the states in northern Italy; Hapsburg monarchs ruled various states; a French Bourbon ruler controls Naples and Sicily. 2. Uniting Italy made sense because of geography, the common language, history and economics. 3. Northern Italy was rich, had more cities and business whereas southern Italy was rural, poor and had a large illiterate population. 4. The Pope was bitter about the seizure of Papal States and Rome and saw the Vatican territory the Church was granted as a prison. 5. The upper house could veto bills that the lower-house voted on and only a small number of men had the right to even vote for representatives that make up the lower house. 6. ? 7. Italians moved to the U.S., Canada, and Latin American nations.