1. RISE OF NATIONALISM

2. Napoleon’s Empire Crowned emperor in 1804 Controlled most of Europe by 1812 Led armies to conquer surrounding territories Empire included parts of Spain, modern-day Germany, and Italy

4. Three Mistakes 1. Blockade of Britain Known as the “Continental System” Intended to weaken Britain’s economic and political power Attempted to prevent trade between Europe and Britain Unsuccessful 2. The Peninsular War Invasion of Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) Lost over 300,000 French soldiers Unsuccessful

6. 3. Invasion of Russia Beginning in June of 1812, Napoleon led his armies into Russia Czar Alexander I pulled them further into Russia, burning fields and killing livestock along the way (“scorched earth policy”) Russians pull French armies into Moscow, which they had burned down, leaving nothing to sustain French soldiers By November, Russian winter was setting in with snow and freezing temperatures French armies were caught off guard and many froze to death Few returned to France Unsuccessful

8. The End of Napoleon Following the defeat in Russia, Napoleon surrendered his throne Exiled to Elba, an island off the west coast of Italy Escaped from Elba, joined up with his supporters, and attempted to regain power Defeated at Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena

9. Nationalism As French armies conquered lands and people, they spread Enlightenment ideas and the story of their revolution Natural rights Social contract theory Limited government Napoleon tried to impose French customs and culture on conquered people Conquered people began to feel more loyalty to their original national customs and cultures

10. Nationalism The belief that one’s greatest loyalty is to a shared culture, including common history, language, religion, and nationality, not to a leader or border Napoleon’s empire actually ignited nationalism across Europe, forming new nations

11. Congress of Vienna Meeting of powerful European leaders Reestablished the balance of power after the collapse of Napoleon’s empire All lands taken by Napoleon were returned to the nations to which they belonged before Reinstated absolute monarchs Influence of Enlightenment ideas and rise of feelings of nationalism caused the people to want limited governments

12. Nationalist Movements Unification of different states that shared common interests Separation of splintered groups from current government to form one that was more representative of their own interests New nation-states formed across Europe Greeks rebelled against Ottoman Empire to become independent nation in 1830 Followed by Belgium, Russia, and France

13. Germany German Confederation consisted of 39 loosely-joined states Austria and Prussia were the most powerful Prussia led the unification movement King Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister Bismarck ruled with “realpolitik”, a style of power politics that was forceful After several wars, Germany unified

15. Italy Camillo di Cavour led the unification of the North Italian states Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest and most powerful state Cavour conquered other occupied northern Italian lands At the same time, Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Sicily in the south and continued to move north, unifying the Italian states Once united, King Victor Emmanuel II led the country