1. Computer Hardware

2. Von Neumann Von Neumann computer architecture Von Neumann CPU Control unit (CU) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Main (operational) memory Output device Input device

3. Configuration of PC mainboard (motherboard) mainboard (motherboard) microprocessor (Central Processing Unit, CPU) microprocessor (Central Processing Unit, CPU) internal memory internal memory bus with connectors for peripherals bus with connectors for peripherals keyboard, mouse keyboard, mouse graphic card, monitor graphic card, monitor external memories external memories sound card, speakers, microphone sound card, speakers, microphone printer, scanner printer, scanner network card, modem network card, modem UPS UPS Central unitComputer peripherals Case – (desktop, tower) with power supply unit and fan

4. DesktopLaptop Notebook Subnotebook Netbook PDA Tablet Smartphone

6. Processor (microprocessor, chip, CPU) Functions Functions control unit control unit arithmetic and logic unit arithmetic and logic unit Parameters Parameters word length (bit) word length (bit) clock frequency (GHz) clock frequency (GHz) instruction set instruction set Producers Producers Intel (Celeron, Pentium 4, Centrino) Intel (Celeron, Pentium 4, Centrino) AMD (Duron, Athlon) AMD (Duron, Athlon) Motorola (PowerPC) – Apple computers Motorola (PowerPC) – Apple computers ARM - Smartphones ARM - Smartphones

8. Memory Functions Functions storing of data and programs storing of data and programs speed equalization of various components speed equalization of various components Basic characteristics Basic characteristics physical nature: magnetic, optic, magneto-optic, semiconductor memory physical nature: magnetic, optic, magneto-optic, semiconductor memory data access: direct (RAM), sequential data access: direct (RAM), sequential available operation: read, write, overwrite (ROM, WORM, RWM) available operation: read, write, overwrite (ROM, WORM, RWM) length of storage: temporary (volatile) and permanent (non-volatile) length of storage: temporary (volatile) and permanent (non-volatile) Parameters Parameters capacity (1 B = 8 b, 1 kB = 2 10 B, 1 MB = 2 20 B,...) capacity (1 B = 8 b, 1 kB = 2 10 B, 1 MB = 2 20 B,...) access time (ms, ns) access time (ms, ns) speed (kb/s) speed (kb/s)

10. Hierarchy of memory Registers Cache Main Memory External Memory Stand–alone Memory Price/bit Speed vs. Capacity Main memory requirements: the biggest capacity, the fastest speed (shortest access time). Main memory requirements: the biggest capacity, the fastest speed (shortest access time). Because of costs efficiency, various technologies are used for different memories. Because of costs efficiency, various technologies are used for different memories.

11. Internal memories TypeCapacityFunction Registers Few bits Inside the CPU, recognition of numbers BIOS (ROM, Flash) few kB drivers of standard hardware CMOS few kB configuration of PC, settings, date, time computing (main) memory (RAM).. 256-4096 MB storage space for processor Cache few MB between CPU & RAM between RAM & HDD

13. Disk Cache

14. External memories TypeCapacityFunction Hard disc drive (HDD).. 80 GB – 1 TB OS, applications, temporary files, docs Floppy disc 3,5‘‘ ZIP.. 1,44 MB up to 750MB backup and storage of smaller documents CD-ROM. 650 MB (700 MB) distribution of SW & multimedia CD-R, CD-RW 700 MB backup and storage DVD-ROM DVD-R, DVD+R/RW 4,7-17 GB follower of CD Magnetic tapes MB-GB HDD backup Flash disk (USB Key) Up to 32GB backup and storage

15. Hard disk

16. Bus Function Function data, address & control bus data, address & control bus Parameters Parameters bus width (bit) bus width (bit) clock frequency (MHz) clock frequency (MHz) speed (MB/s-GB/s) speed (MB/s-GB/s) Types of buses Types of buses ISA (old standard – slow peripherals) ISA (old standard – slow peripherals) PCI (fast peripherals) PCI (fast peripherals) AGP (RAM & graphic card) AGP (RAM & graphic card)

17. Connection of Peripherals to Central Bus internal internal slot slot additional cards additional cards controller (between bus and peripherals) controller (between bus and peripherals) driver (software controller of peripherals) driver (software controller of peripherals) external external ports ports

18. Ports Old standards Old standards serial port (COM1, COM2 – mouse, faxmodem) serial port (COM1, COM2 – mouse, faxmodem) parallel port (LPT1 – printer, older scanners) parallel port (LPT1 – printer, older scanners) floppy disc port floppy disc port ATAPI (CD & DVD drive) ATAPI (CD & DVD drive) disc (IDE or SCSI) disc (IDE or SCSI) game port (joystick) game port (joystick) PS/2 (keyboard, mouse) PS/2 (keyboard, mouse) PCMCIA (plug-in cards – notebooks) PCMCIA (plug-in cards – notebooks) IrDA IrDA Current standards Current standards SATA, e-SATA (HDD, optical disk drives) SATA, e-SATA (HDD, optical disk drives) bluetooth, Wi-Fi (contactless connection) bluetooth, Wi-Fi (contactless connection) HDMI (video and sound) HDMI (video and sound) FireWire (external HDD, digital videocamera) FireWire (external HDD, digital videocamera) USB 2.0, 3.0 ((de)connection when computer is running) USB 2.0, 3.0 ((de)connection when computer is running)

19. Serial port (older keyboards, mice)

20. Parallel port (older printers, scanners)

21. ATAPI port (CD & DVD drives)

22. IDE port (hard drives)

23. PS/2 port Green - mouse Purple - keyboard

24. FireWire socket (external hard drives)

25. PCMCIA port

27. Chipset Function Function integrated group of VLSI circuits on mainboard ensuring all input-output operations and data transfer integrated group of VLSI circuits on mainboard ensuring all input-output operations and data transfer Chipset includes controllers Chipset includes controllers primary and secondary cache memory, CMOS primary and secondary cache memory, CMOS disc drives, keyboard & PS/2 mouse disc drives, keyboard & PS/2 mouse DMA (data trasfer among peripherals avoiding CPU) DMA (data trasfer among peripherals avoiding CPU) Chipset defines computer’s parameters Chipset defines computer’s parameters processor type, main & cache memory processor type, main & cache memory type & maximal clock frequency of PCI, AGP type & maximal clock frequency of PCI, AGP support of simultaneous multiprocessing support of simultaneous multiprocessing support of input-output peripherals support of input-output peripherals

29. Graphic System PC components important for image quality PC components important for image quality CPU, RAM, bus, graphic card, monitor CPU, RAM, bus, graphic card, monitor Graphic card parameters Graphic card parameters graphic chip (nVidia, ATI, Matrox, SiS) graphic chip (nVidia, ATI, Matrox, SiS) screen resolution (SVGA min. 800x600) screen resolution (SVGA min. 800x600) screen refresh rate (vertical) (min. 75 Hz) screen refresh rate (vertical) (min. 75 Hz) bus type (PCI Express) bus type (PCI Express) amount of memory (128-512 MB) amount of memory (128-512 MB) Monitor parameters Monitor parameters display type (CRT monitor, LCD panel,...) display type (CRT monitor, LCD panel,...) length of diagonal (14‘‘, 15‘‘, 17‘‘, 19‘‘, 20‘‘, 21‘‘) length of diagonal (14‘‘, 15‘‘, 17‘‘, 19‘‘, 20‘‘, 21‘‘) screen resolution and screen refresh rate (e.g. 1024x768 @ 90 Hz for 17‘‘ CRT monitor) screen resolution and screen refresh rate (e.g. 1024x768 @ 90 Hz for 17‘‘ CRT monitor) distance of grid cells (<=0,28 mm) distance of grid cells (<=0,28 mm) touch screen, brightness, contrast, view angle, energy cons. touch screen, brightness, contrast, view angle, energy cons.

30. ADVANCES IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS

31. Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) 1981 16 colors supported

32. Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) 1984 64 colors supported

33. Video Graphics Array (VGA) 1987 262,144 colors supported

34. Super VGA (SVGA) 1989 Higher resolutions

35. Extended Graphics Array (XGA) 1990 till today 65 million colors supported

36. Color depth High color – 15 or 16 bit color depth High color – 15 or 16 bit color depth True color – 24 bit color depth True color – 24 bit color depth Deep color – 30-64 bit color depth Deep color – 30-64 bit color depth

38. CRT Vs. Flat Panel The CRT on the right is slowly giving way to its flat panel counterpart on the left. The LCD flat panels, such as this 18" model from Eizo, not only take up less space, but use less energy, emit less radiation and are resistant to glare. (Image courtesy of EIZO Nanao Technologies Inc.)

39. Electronic Sources http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.shopsaskatchewan.com/Build- Computer-tutorial/computer-hardware.htm http://www.shopsaskatchewan.com/Build- Computer-tutorial/computer-hardware.htm http://www.shopsaskatchewan.com/Build- Computer-tutorial/computer-hardware.htm http://www.shopsaskatchewan.com/Build- Computer-tutorial/computer-hardware.htm http://computer.howstuffworks.com http://computer.howstuffworks.com http://computer.howstuffworks.com

40. External memory Introduced in 1998, Seagate's Elite 47 holds a whopping 47GB. Four decades of research and development let us store 100,000 times as much on the same platter surface. (Image courtesy of Seagate Technology, Inc.) Samsung`s 1 TB Hard Drive – notice the difference… ->

41. RAID The Early 1990s This RAID II prototype in 1992, which embodies principles of high performance and fault tolerance, was designed and built by University of Berkeley graduate students. Housing 36 320MB disk drives, its total storage was less than the disk drive in the cheapest PC only six years later 36*320 = 11,520 MB 11,520 / 1,024 = 11.25 GB. (Image courtesy of The Computer Museum History Center, www.computerhistory.org).

42. DVD vs CD-ROM At minimum, the capacity of a DVD is 750% that of a CD-ROM because its tracks, pits and lands are more than twice as dense, and it uses more efficient recording algorithms. Add a second layer and record on both sides, and DVD provides more than 25 times the digital storage of a CD. (Image courtesy of C-Cube Microsystems.)

44. CD speeds X Data Transfer Rating Rate 1x 150 Kilobytes/sec 2x 300 Kilobytes/sec 4x 600 Kilobytes/sec 8x 1.2 Megabytes/sec 10x 1.5 Megabytes/sec 12x 1.8 Megabytes/sec 20x 3.0 Megabytes/sec 36x 5.4 Megabytes/sec 40x 6.0 Megabytes/sec 48x 7.2 Megabytes/sec 50x 7.5 Megabytes/sec 52x 7.8 Megabytes/sec

45. DVD speeds X Data Transfer Rating Rate 1x 1.35 MBytes/sec 2x 2.70 MBytes/sec 2.4x 3.17 MBytes/sec 3x 4.05 MBytes/sec 4x 5.40 MBytes/sec 5x 6.75 MBytes/sec 8x 10.80 MBytes/sec 10x 13.50 MBytes/sec 12x 16.20 MBytes/sec 16x 21.60 MBytes/sec 24x 32.40 MBytes/sec.

46. Desktop Memory To change memory on desktop computers, you have to open the cabinet and locate the slots. These three DIMM slots on this Macintosh motherboard are easy to find and reach.

47. Laptop Memory To change memory on laptops, you have to unscrew a plate on the bottom of the machine to get to the SODIMM slots..

48. ZIP Drive

49. Evolution...