1. UNIT 1 LESSON 5 & 6

2. THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO…  Major Geographical Concepts (Cont.)  I.B

3. POWERPOINT ADAPTED FROM…  A kind teacher named Rick Katz

4. Region is an area of the earth distinguished by a distinctive COMBINATION of features. The “South” is a region…why? What does the “South” have that makes it distinctive? Connections are relationships between people and objects across the barrier of space. Why are cities where they are? What is the connection between Rap music in London and Rap music in Tampa? What is the connection between poverty and a lack of education and women having more than 6 babies? AP Human Geography constantly looks at connections between humans and places. Place is a specific point on the Earth. Your desk or your house is a place. Space is the area between 2 places or objects. If this space is random or organized, geographers want to know why. Why are many McDonald’s located at regular intervals along a highway? How are the desks organized in your classrooms? Why are they the way they are? 4 Things you already know from reading…

5.  Place name (toponym) is a name given to a place by humans. Changing the toponym can change the “sense of place” about a place; change “Swamp city” to “Pleasantown” and the place seems to be better. Toponyms are very important in our world.  Site is the physical characteristics of a place. The soil, climate, vegetation, topography, water sources, latitude and elevation of a place. These factors make a place unique. The site of London is unique.  Situation is the location of a place relative to other places. Could you find Bob’s house if I told you it was across the street from Keisha's house and next to David’s? You could if you knew where Keisha and David live. What is the situation of New York City? LOCATION …HOW DO WE DESCRIBE PLACES ON THE EARTH? 5

6. Situation of SingaporeSite of New York City Site and Situation 6

7.  Mathematical location is using latitude and longitude to locate a place exactly on the Earth.  A “sense of place” is the “feeling” humans have for a place. The feeling for your home or Disney world is uniquely human. You may have never been to Tokyo but you probably have a “sense of place” about it.  Spatial association is a connection between places that might be alike or vastly different. The beach resort in slide #1 demonstrates the spatial association between a beach and the location of a hotel. Geographers try to understand these variations. Be careful not to jump to conclusions about spatial associations. Look at the map below that seems to say that something is causing a great deal of cancer in one part of Connecticut. 7

9. THE CONCEPT OF REGION WHAT EXACTLY IS A REGION?  Worlds within worlds  Areas with unifying characteristics  Regions may be large or small  continental or local  i.e.. World regions, countries, local regions  Sub regions  regions within regions 9

10. THE CONCEPT OF REGION THE FIRST TWO TYPES OF REGIONS ARE:  Formal Region - clear definitive area where the people all share at least one thing in common.  i.e.. City borders, state of Florida, the Middle East, “red and blue” states in a US election.  Functional Region - area that is organized around a central node or important point. Unlike a formal region the power of the node decreases slowly as you move further from it. The Tampa Bay region’s node is the bay. The Chicago region’s node is downtown Chicago. What is the node for Orlando? Disney and the other Orlando theme parks, because they are the most important point that holds Orlando together. 10

11. WORLD CULTURE REGIONS THE WORLD IS FULL OF MANY REGIONS THAT ARE BASED ON CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. THESE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MAY BE LANGUAGES, RELIGIONS, CUSTOMS, POLITICS, AND ANY COMBINATION OF THE VARIOUS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCE WE HUMANS HAVE. 11 THE WORLD IS FULL OF MANY REGIONS THAT ARE BASED ON CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. THESE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES MAY BE LANGUAGES, RELIGIONS, CUSTOMS, POLITICS, AND ANY COMBINATION OF THE VARIOUS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCE WE HUMANS HAVE.

12. Religious regions: Formal regions that are worlds within our world which are based on a particular religion or groups of religions. 12

13. Language regions: Formal regions which are worlds within our world that are based on a particular language. 13

14. tomato vinegar mustard Exactly which states are in the “south?” Which kind of BBQ sauce is best depends on which region of South Carolina you are in. Which region of the country makes the best sandwiches? Does chili have beans in it or not? 14

15. Where exactly does the “South” start and stop? The “South” is a Vernacular region. All of the colored areas on this map can be considered the “south.” We all agree that there is a cultural area of the US known as the south, but exactly where it starts and stops is open to argument. This vagueness makes the “south” a Vernacular region. 15

16. GEOGRAPHY TERMS 16 This map show the spread of Buddhism from its hearth (beginning point) in N.E. India.

17. F Distance Decay: The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. In this diagram, the further you get away from Quebec the less French you hear spoken. GEOGRAPHY TERMS 17

18. F Spatial Interaction: The movement of people, goods, and ideas within and among regions. This chart show the daily financial spatial interaction between banks worldwide. GEOGRAPHY TERMS 18

19. GLOBALIZATION:  The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, political, and cultural change. Economic globalization is happening fastest. We are all becoming more alike. Panama, 1997 19

20. SPACE–TIME COMPRESSION: Figure 1-29 While the true distances between places on the earth are not shrinking (compressing) the time it takes to travel between them is. Point A In 1800 it took 5 weeks to travel from point A to New York City. How long would it take today? 20 Converging Currents of Globalization: Global communications link world regions Global transportation moves goods quickly Transnational conglomerate corporations; international financial institutions more powerful than many countries Global free-trade agreements Market economies replace state-controlled economies Globalized market for consumer goods (needed or not) Globalization of workers, managers, executives

21.  Global Consumer Culture: W  What happens as we all be come alike?  May erode local diversity.  Can cause social tensions between traditional cultures and new, external globalizing influences. Some cultures don’t want to change.  Examples: clothing, food, movies, and more…  Hybridization: sometimes occurs when forms of American popular culture spread abroad then are melded with local cultural traditions.  world beat music, Japanese comic books, global rap, that are now found worldwide.  Glocalization: Glocalization is a term that was invented in order to emphasize that the globalization of a product is more likely to succeed when the product or service is adapted specifically to each locality or culture it is marketed in. Is a Chinese restaurant in the US really typical of a Chinese restaurant in China? McDonald’s in India serve veggie burgers with curry sauce. 21

22.  Advocates and Critics of Globalization:  The Pro-globalization Stance (Advantages)  Globalization is a logical expression of capitalism  Removing trade barriers will increase efficiency, spread new technology and ideas  Free flow of capital will enhance global economic wealth  The world’s poorer countries will catch up through globalization  The Anti-globalization Stance (Disadvantages)  Today’s core, developed countries did not use globalization’s free-market economic model to foster their own development  Globalization creates greater inequalities  It promotes free-market, export-oriented economies, at the expense of local, indigenous economies  Spreads undesirable things (diseases, crime, harmful flora and fauna) 22

23.  Globalization is creating a “Global landscape.” Businesses like McDonald’s want you to recognize them so they look alike world wide. Look at the exit ramp area of interstate highways…they look pretty much alike no matter where you are, and this is happening worldwide. This “place-less-ness” angers many people. It is one of the things terrorists are angry about. Globalization is changing the world, but many people resent that change. PLACELESSNESS: 23

24.  All the fast communication and travel of today spreads ideas quickly throughout the world, yet distance still holds back the power of new ideas. Tobler’s First Law of Geography says that “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than far things.”  Distance Decay says that the further one group is from another the less likely they are to interact. Even with today’s instant communication this still holds true. Which grocery store are you more likely to go to? Most likely, you will go to the one that is closest to you. GEOGRAPHIC TERMS: 24

25. GEOGRAPHY TERMS:  Hearth: The region from which a phenomenon originates; a center of innovation.  Cultural Diffusion: The process by which a human idea or characteristic spreads across space over time. 25 The spread of Buddhism is an example of Relocation Diffusion.

26. DIFFUSION  There two kinds  of cultural diffusion:  1. Relocation diffusion  2. Expansion diffusion  which includes:  A. Hierarchical  B. Contagious  C. Stimulus

27. EXPANSION DIFFUSION:  Ideas spread throughout a population from area to area.  Creates a snowballing effect when it is popular.  Subtypes:  Hierarchical diffusion: ideas leapfrog from one node to another temporarily bypassing some. Hip hop culture from New York to Miami missing much of the US.  Contagious diffusion: wavelike, like disease.  Stimulus diffusion: specific trait rejected, but idea accepted. There are McDonald’s in India but they do not serve beef. Why? Because it’s against their largest religious group’s teachings. If they don’t like beef why have it at all? There is a desire for it because of world wide popular culture…Indian’s are stimulated to have it,so they change what McDonald's serves to meet their culture. 27

28. RELOCATION DIFFUSION:  Relocation diffusion occurs when individuals migrate to a new location carrying new ideas or practices with them  Religion is a prime example  AIDS  Diffusion of culture an economy: Globalization is creating a global culture and economy, and jobs worldwide are linked as never before. The powerful core countries in N. America, Europe and Japan are the hearths of innovations and control the world decisions, while the main population areas of the Earth are in the weak periphery lands of Africa, Latin American, and the rest of Asia. Why? We will discover why in later chapters.  Can you see why some people around the world are angry? 28

29. CULTURAL DIFFUSION IN DIAGRAM FORM: The idea jumps over some areas, like from one big city to another. 29