1. The Islamic revival Islamic society and civilizations were dominated by the West throughout the 19 th and first half of the 20 th century. Historians, give us some information on Western control of Islamic regions during this period.

2. By the middle of the 20 th century there was huge inequality and poverty in Islamic states. In the 1950’s and 1960’s secular elites at least appealed to the masses with Socialism and Nationalism (Nasser and the Nationalisation of the Suez canal for instance) but following the 1970’s the elites turned to the West. Anwar Sadat’s ‘infitah’ (opening) policy in Egypt paved the way for Wesern cultural values to penetrate into Islamic countries. This was the catalyst for an Islamic revival and Islamic fundamentalism.

3. How are western values opposed to Islamic values? WestIslam

4. Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran proposed a state dominated by religious scholars in which the religious and political primacy was vested in a supreme religious figure or council. The Iranian revolution in 1978-79 brought Khomeini to power. This revolution was to provide an impetus to other Islamic groups in other countries. A populist religious movement sucessfully overthrew a powerful secular state. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kY0ixG94cHE

5. 11 September and its aftermath By the early 1990’s the revival appeared to have peaked. In most areas the dreams of militants seizing the state could not be realised. Instead, some puritanical preachers now hoped to revive the Islam from the grassroots first.

6. End of gulf war. Betrayed by USA when they refused to support a Shia uprising in Iraq. Support galvanised by the sight of US troops in Saudi Arabia. (The site of Mecca and Medina)

7. Al Qaeda Money to support ideological and military training. Financial support for Islamic militant everywhere. Fighting against the ’invasions’ of the West and Western modernity Drawing on religious references to jihad and martyrdom, the organisation fostered the cult of the suicide bomber. Used as an ultimate expression of the worship of God. Attacks on US interests in Saudi Arabia and East Africa in the late 1990’s were a prelude to 9/11

8. Why did Islamic extremists resort to international terrorism?

9. Page 429 diagram stick in Overlap of Political Islamists, Islamic Geopoliticals and Traditionalists. Useful to understand the differing objectives of militant Islamic movement.

10. What is Terrorism? To understand the Islam vs West debate we need to look at terrorism in more detail/ Definition: ?? Read and annotate Guardan article.

11. Read through the article old versus new terrorism. Show the difference between so called old terrorism and new terrorism. Al Qaeda as ‘New Terrorism’

12. The "new terrorism" aims at destruction as an end in itself, while the "old terrorism" used violent destruction as a means to a political end; The "new terrorism" aims, therefore, at as much destruction as possible, whether through devastating forms of weaponry or techniques such as suicide terrorism, whereas the "old terrorism" sought to create a dramatic spectacle with as little damage as possible; The "new terrorism" is organizationally distinct from the "old terrorism." It is heterarchical (has many equally authoritative points of authority) and horizontal, rather than hierarchical and vertical; it is decentralized rather than centralized. (You might notice that corporations, social groups and other institutions are also frequently described in "new" terms, these days); The "new terrorism" is justified on religious and apocalyptic grounds, while the "old terrorism" was rooted in political ideology.

13. Why is ‘New terrorism’ practised by Al Qaeda so effective? Tactics Read through and annotate the list of Al Qaeda attacks. What tactics does the group use. Why is this effective?

14. To what extent is the ‘War on Terror’ a civilizational conflict between Islam and the West?

15. Essay advice Read through the articles and answer the essay question above. You should: Contextualise the essay by including theory (Fukuyama and Huntingdon). Refer to the hard facts. Acts of war and acts of terrorism. Refer to the ‘softer’ facts. Look at the language and the ideologies of the protaganists. Be balanced and evaluate carefully (For example there are plenty of examples of states which are predominantly muslim showing tacit support to the US) Plan your essay carefully. There is tons to write so you will need to constrain yourself Research. Do not give me a load of generalised wishy washy crap.

16. Countering Terrorism Different ways Countering terrorism – use of military tactics to contain/destroy terrorism (successes, failures and implications of the 'war on terror'); state security and domestic repression; extent to which countering terrorism is compatible with protecting human rights (proper balance between public order and civil liberty/human rights?; unique challenges posed by terrorism; suspending human rights as the ‘lesser evil’; importance of moral high ground and ‘soft’ power, etc); political deals to end terror. Debate Need articles

17. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle- east-11417211http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle- east-11417211 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00v3qt 5http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00v3qt 5

18. Countering terrorism In your pairs come up with ways in which terrorism can be defeated.

19. Evaluating Counter terrorism measures On your A3 sheet I want you to explain and then evaluate each of the methods of countering terrorism.

20. Military strikes against terrorist cells e.g. Afghanistan Domestic anti-terror legislation (Evaluate both the effectiveness and the subsequent erosion of civil liberties) Addressing poverty Others (include those from the article 5 steps to defeating terrorism).

21. Military strikes against terrorist cells. E.g. Afghanistan http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asi a/Pakistan-Ready-to-Help-Afghan-Peace- Talks-105026189.html http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asi a/Pakistan-Ready-to-Help-Afghan-Peace- Talks-105026189.html

22. Domestic anti-terror legislation http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8583 643.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8583 643.stm

23. Poverty and terrorism http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1886617.stm

24. Exam questions Examine the different methods of counter terrorism. (15 marks) Explain why some argue of the existence of a ‘new’ terrorism. (15 marks) To what extent does terrorism provoke changes in policy making (45 marks) To what extent is countering terrorism compatible with upholding human rights? (45 marks)