1. 16.3

2. Ike = President Eisenhower!

3. Sept 2 1949  the Soviet Union successfully detonates an atomic bomb Balance of power shifts  Now the U.S. doesn’t have total control over atomic weaponry…

4. Americans shocked + scared by the news They had believed the Russians were far from developing nuclear technology The world was now a MUCH more dangerous place

5. Truman ordered the development of the H-bomb (Hydrogen bomb) 1,000 more powerful than the atom bomb Einstein/Oppenheimer believed this would lead to an arms race + cautioned against it Stalin would continue to develop nukes as long as the U.S. challenged them to

6. 1952 – U.S. successfully tests an H-bomb 1953 – S.U. successfully tests an H-bomb Both conducted above ground = horrible radiation into the atmosphere Big health problems for ppl living by testing sites Began a 4 decades long arms race Nuclear destruction = dark, concerning cloud over the entire world Mutually assured destruction (they hoped) Fear of atomic destruction would prevent each other (U.S./S.U.) from actually using the nuclear weapons

7. Eisenhower: Very militarily savvy + worked w/ top political officials during WWII ∴ he was very well versed in both aspects of leading the country = GOOD! Strongly believed the U.S./U.N. should actively stop the spread of communism (supported Truman’s policy) John Dulles: Eisenhower’s sec. of state Experienced diplomat Helped organized the U.N. after WWII

8. However: Ike + Dulles did not support that Truman’s foreign policy pulled the U.S. into small foreign wars started by Stalin

9. Ike didn’t wanted to spend $$$$ on conventional military forces He wanted to spend most of the military budget on stockpiling nuclear weapons And the planes/subs/ships to transport them Critics of Eisenhower’s policy: “Bigger bang for the buck” Conservatives: Worried that taking too much from conventional forces would weaken American defense Liberals: Worried that preparing for nuclear war made nuclear war more likely to occur

10. 1954 – Dulles announced the policy of massive retaliation The U.S. would respond to communist threats by threating to use crushing, overwhelming force (nukes). Brinkmanship: By going to the brink of war the U.S. could protect its allies, discourage communist aggression + prevent war

11. AmericansSoviets October 1952Hydrogen Bomb August 1953 December 1957 ICBMsAugust 1957 January 1958SatelliteOctober 1957 Brinkmanship added to Containment under Eisenhower

12. March 5, 1953 Stalin died ∴ power struggle in the S.U. Nikita Khrushchev came out on top He was not as cruel as Stalin + looked at bettering relations w/ the West Ike and NK meet in July 1955 (Geneva, Switzerland) Little significant results BUT did appear to ease tensions b/w the superpowers “peaceful co-existence"

13. Peaceful co-existence = largely impossible S.U. still refused free elections in satellite states + continued to spread communism Dulles “roll back” communism, liberate satellite states…

14. People in the satellite states deeply resented Soviet control Wanted political/economic freedom 1956: Workers in Poland rioted against Soviet control Gained more control over their gov’t b/c agreed to stay in Warsaw Pact

15. 1956: Hungarian workers + students rebelled Demanded Soviet troops be removed, pro-Soviet Hungarian officials be replaced, + that noncommunist political parties be organized NK responded harshly: Sent in Soviet soldiers + tanks to crush the rebellion Killed the leaders + put hard-line communists in power The U.S. would not use nukes to support Hungarian indep. “Blood in the water” at the Summer 1956 Olympics Polo match b/w SU and Hungary got violent

16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=554ZJUv-avQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WY7_vSDPr6M

17. Egypt’s president used the U.S./S.U. rivalry to his advantage Gamal Nasser wanted to construct a dam on the Nile at Aswan U.S. + Br offered to help fund but w/drew when Egypt formally recognized the People’s Rep of China + opened talks w/ Stalin ∴ Nasser nationalized the Suez canal (put it under gov’t control) Originally it was owned by Br/Fr company, protected by Br troops Suez canal = Huge strategic location

18. W/ the canal under Egyptian control this threatened the flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe

19. Suez Crisis: Br/Fr w/o consulting Ike plotted to get the canal back ally w/ Israel Israel launches an attack on Egypt, Br + Fr send in troops to occupy canal Soviet Union warns that they will join on the side of Egypt Eisenhower insists that all invaders leave Egypt to prevent a larger war Upset Br/Fr didn’t consult him ∴ cut their oil supply Global conflict averted

20. In response to conflict in the Middle East: Eisenhower Doctrine (1957): The U.S. would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism Lebanon (1958) communists threatened pro-Am gov’t ∴ U.S. sent troops

21. CIA (1947) – Central Intelligence Agency New task: Ike approved covert CIA ops to protect American interests Iran: Operation Ajax (1953) CIA-sponsored coup U.S. supports strengthens the Shah Similar event in Guatemala (1954) KGB (1954) Russian internal security, intelligence, and secret police Similar agencies installed in the satellite nations

22. Sputnik I – October1957 Soviets were first to send something to space (satellite) Sputnik II – November 1957 Sent a larger satellite to space w/ Laika (dog) to see if a living creature could live Americans worried! Could having the power/technology to send something to space = the SU could launch a powerful enough rocket to land in the U.S. ?!?!?!?!

23. Congress quickly passed the National Defense Education Act $1 billion to produce more scientists + teachers of science Loans for those looking for higher education in science as well Congress also created NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Coordinate American scientists + the military