1. ANCIENT ROME & THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY The Rise of Christianity

2. How did Christianity emerge and then spread to become the official religion of the Roman empire? At first, Christianity was one of many religions practiced in the empire. But it grew rapidly and eventually became the official religion of the Roman empire. When the Roman empire fell, the Christian Church became the central institution of Western civilization for nearly 1,000 years.

3. Within the culturally diverse Roman empire, various religions coexisted. As long as the Roman gods were honored, citizens could worship as they pleased. Because most people were polytheistic, they were content to worship Roman gods with their own. One part of the empire was Judea, home of the Jews, who were deeply divided at the time.

4. During the Hellenistic age many Jews had absorbed Greek culture and ideas. Most Jews accepted Roman rule after Judea fell in 63 B.C. But conservatives called for strict obedience to Jewish law and rejected foreign influences. A group called Zealots refused to accept Roman rule.

5. In A.D. 70, Rome crushed the uprising and burned the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. In A.D. 66, discontent turned into open rebellion against Rome. Many believed that God would soon send a messiah, an anointed king, who would lead them to freedom from Rome. The Zealots called for revolt against Rome.

6. Thousands of Jews were killed or enslaved. Jerusalem was leveled. Groups of survivors were scattered around the Mediterranean, where they lived in small communities. Over the centuries, Jewish rabbis, or teachers, preserved Jewish law, and Judaism survived. When new revolts broke out in the next century, Rome responded brutally.

7. What we know of Jesus comes from the Gospels, the first four books of the New Testament. Jesus was born around 4 B.C. in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem. At age 30 he began preaching in villages near Galilee. He recruited 12 apostles who helped spread his teachings. Before the rebellion, Christianity had emerged amid followers of Jesus.

8. He often preached through parables, simple stories about morality, salvation, and the relationship between people and God. The Sermon on the Mount stressed ethical themes of mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless. The popularity of Jesus grew with word of miracles, such as healing the sick, and with the lessons he taught about God’s love.

9. Jesus’ teachings were rooted in Judaism. Like other Jewish teachers, he taught that there was one loving, all- powerful God. He emphasized obedience to the laws of Moses and the Ten Commandments. He also introduced an important new idea, that he himself was the Son of God. His apostles believed Jesus was the long-anticipated messiah.

10. There, he was betrayed by one of his disciples, arrested by the Romans, and condemned to die by crucifixion. According to the Gospels, after his death Jesus returned and spoke to his disciples. He commanded them to continue to preach his message, and then he ascended to heaven. According to the Gospels, Jesus went to preach in Jerusalem.

11. As Paul spread the Gospel to non-Jews, it grew to become a new religion. At first Christianity was a sect of Judaism. Jesus’ followers came to be called Christians. Most important was Paul, who traveled, set up new churches, and brought Christianity to Rome.

12. Paul preached that Jesus was the son of God. He emphasized that Jesus died for humanity and taught that those who complied with Jesus’ teachings would achieve eternal salvation. Paul’s epistles, or letters, to various Christian communities around the Mediterranean world became part of the New Testament.

13. Emperors such as Nero used the Christians as scapegoats, blaming them for difficult times. Christians who suffered or were killed for their beliefs became martyrs. But Christianity spread rapidly across the empire. Many people were attracted to the Christian message of equality and the promise of eternal life. Roman rulers persecuted the early Christians for disloyalty to Rome.

14. Missionaries were able to use the Pax Romana to spread Christianity throughout the empire.

15. In time, a church bureaucracy arose alongside that of the empire. By the end of the century, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome. In A.D. 313, the Edict of Milan granted freedom of worship to citizens of the Roman empire. Under the Emperor Constantine, the persecution of Christians ended.

16. New members were baptized or blessed with holy water to forgive their sins. All members were equals, and women could serve as teachers and administrators. Each Sunday, members gathered in a ceremony of thanksgiving and commemorated the death and resurrection of Jesus. Early Christians shared common practices, but there was no structured church.

17. Only men could serve as clergy. Communities were divided into dioceses, each overseen by a bishop. The bishops of major cities became patriarchs, who exercised authority over bishops. The bishop of Rome, or pope, claimed authority over all other bishops. pope patriarchs bishops local clergy In time a structured hierarchy developed.

18. A leading early Christian scholar was Augustine, who combined Christianity with Greco-Roman learning. Disputes arose about heresies, or teachings that went against Church beliefs. Councils of church leaders met to decide what official church beliefs were. Scholars produced a large body of theology, or “talk or discourse about God.” Differences emerged over Church doctrine.

19. People & Terms messiah – savior sent by God apostle – leader or teacher of a new faith, including the 12 disciples of Jesus Paul – most influential of the apostles in spreading Christianity martyr – person who suffers or is killed for his or her beliefs Constantine – emperor who issued the Edict of Milan, granting freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman empire

20. People & Terms clergy – people who were allowed to conduct Christian services bishop – high Church official responsible for everyone in his diocese patriarch – bishop of one of the most important cities, who exercised authority over other bishops in his area pope – bishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishops heresy – belief contrary to official Church teaching Augustine – leading early Church scholar who combined Christian doctrine with Greco-Roman learning