1. Titansorb ® Filter Media for Arsenic removal by Watch ® GmbH

2. Arsenic in water 1. The main cause of Arsenic presence in ground water is believed to be the reductive dissolution of sedimentary Arsenic-containing Iron Oxy-hydroxide by microbial driven oxidation of organic matter. This cause the release of adsorbed Arsenic, since the adsorbed As (V) is reduced to As (III) and leached into ground water. 2. Anthropogenic sources also contribute to Arsenic pollution. Arsenic compounds were employed as pesticide, herbicide and in wood preservation. Other sources of Arsenic are mining waste and glass industry. Fertilizers are also suspected to have an important contribution to the contamination of groundwater with Arsenic. Coal combustion, metal smelting and refining processes release Arsenic in the atmosphere, which eventually it is transported by rain in the surface water and groundwater.

3. Need for Arsenic treatment Presence of Arsenic in drinking water leads to many proved health problems, including cancers. Adsorbers for Arsenic removal  Passive systems – little or no user intervention  Easy to operate  Almost no waste water  In some cases, no hazardous spent material  Can achieve the best cost for treated water, especially for medium and small systems

4. Appearance:White granules Particle size:0.5 – 1.5 mm Moisture content:less than 10% Bulk density:ca. 550 kg/m 2 Titansorb

5. Typical Physical and Chemical Properties Appearance:White granules Particle size:0.5 – 1,5 mm Active surface: 400-450 m 2 /g Porosity:ca. 65% Typical equilibrium capacity (static, 1000 ppb, pH=6.5) Arsenic (V)28-30 g / kg Arsenic (III)13-15 g / kg Typical equilibrium capacity (static, 50 ppb, pH=7.0) Arsenic (V)14-16 g /kg Arsenic (III) 5-6 g/ kg

6. Titansorb made of Nanosized Titanium Oxyhydrate Titanium Oxyhydrate TiO(OH) 2 or Metatitanic Acid H 2 TiO 3 - reactive material, containing maximum number of active centers: Ti-OH groups. Titanium Oxyhydrate is partially crystallized as Anatase nanocrystals (10 - 20 nm), containing a high density of Ti-OH active centers on their surface: Active Ti-OH groups on Anatase nanocrystals TEM image of Anatase

7. Titansorb The contaminants are strongly adsorbed on the active surface of nanocrystalline Anatase. As an example, arsenate anion (As 5+ ) may be retained under several possible coordinative structures: Chelating bidentate Chelating tridentate Brigded bidentate Chelating tridentate on a „step“

8. Titansorb Operation conditions High service flow rate: 15 - 35 m/h (6 – 14 gpm / ft 2 ) (depending on Arsenic concentration) Backwash flow rate: 14- 24 m/h (6 - 10 gpm / ft 2 ) Freeboard: 55% of bed depth Short contact time: 30 s – 3 min (or more, depending on Arsenic concentration) Bed depth: at least 0.8 - 1 meter Operational pH: 4-10

9. Titansorb Testing water NSF/ANSI 53 Standard Calcium40ppm Magnesium24ppm Sodium10ppm Chloride100ppm Sulfate50ppm Silica (SiO2)20ppm Nitrate2ppm Fluoride1ppm Phosphate0.04ppm

10. Titansorb Comparative Arsenic Adsorption Media Test Flow rate 20 BV/h, pH=7.5, 300 ppb As(V), silica 10 ppm, hardness 150 mg/l

11. Titansorb pH influence on Arsenic adsorption - Activated Alumina, Iron Hydroxide, Titansorb Flow rate 60 BV/h, 50 ppb As(V), silica 20 ppm, hardness 150 mg/l

12. Titansorb Service Flow Rate and Arsenic Adsorption Test water: pH=7.5, 300 ppb As(V), silica 20 ppm, hardness 150 mg/l

13. Titansorb Comparative Arsenic Adsorption Media Test - influence of pH fluctuations (pH re-set at 6.5 thereafter) Flow rate 20 BV/h, pH=6.5, 300 ppb As(V), silica 10 ppm, hardness 150 mg/l pH = 7.2 pH = 7.0

14. Why Titansorb?  Stronger adsorption of arsenic in comparison with alumina or iron-based media, therefore no leaching was observed  One of the highest Arsenic adsorption capacity  Fast arsenic adsorption – less media, small footprint  Cost per liter of water treated is lower compared with other adsorbers  Wider pH tolerance (Titanium Dioxide is not soluble in acidic or basic media)  Less prone to Arsenic leaching due to pH fluctuations  Best results at pH 7 or lower  Less sensitive to ionic strength or concurrent anions (phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, etc.)  Removes other hazardous contaminants from water - such as chromate, cadmium, lead, copper, selenium  No staining due to iron leaching  Almost no microbiological contamination (such as iron bacteria) therefore less disinfection required and less disinfection toxic by-products (THM, chloramines, HAAs) are generated

15. Titansorb - second generation- Higher Arsenic capacity Surface Porosity

16. Thank you!

17. Questions? Watch GmbH Fahrlachstrasse 14 68165 Mannheim Germany Web: www.watchwater.dewww.watchwater.de Dr. Valentin Cimpeanu Tel. +49-621-87951-55 Email: cimpeanu@watchwater.decimpeanu@watchwater.de