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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-1.

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Presentation on theme: "© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-1."— Presentation transcript:

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2 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-1

3 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-2 Introduction  Integumentary system consists of skin and its accessory organs  Accessory organs: Hair follicles Nails Skin glands Skin is the body’s outer covering and its largest organ.

4 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-3 Functions of the Integumentary System  Protection First line of defense against  Bacteria  Viruses Protects underlying structures from  Ultraviolet (UV) radiation  Dehydration

5 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-4 Functions of the Integumentary System (cont.)  Body temperature regulation If too hot  Blood vessels dilate  Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape If too cold  Blood vessels constrict  Prevents heat from escaping

6 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-5  Vitamin D production Needed for calcium absorption  Sensation Sensory receptors  Excretion Small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration Functions of the Integumentary System (cont.)

7 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-6 Apply Your Knowledge What are the functions of the integumentary system? ANSWER: The functions of the integumentary system are protection, regulation of body temperature, vitamin D production, sensation, and excretion. Super!

8 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-7 Structure of Skin  Epidermis  Dermis  Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer Back

9 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-8 Skin Structure: Epidermis  Most superficial layer  Two parts Outermost layer  Mostly dead cells form an impermeable layer Deepest layer  Cells constantly dividing and pushing older cells outward To Figure of Skin

10 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-9 Skin Structure: Epidermis (cont.)  Keratin Durable protein that makes the epidermis waterproof and resistant to pathogens (helps keep skin tough)  Melanin Traps UV radiation and prevents damage to underlying layers of the skin  The more melanin that is present, the darker the skin

11 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-10 Skin Structure: Dermis  Deeper of the two skin layers  Contains all major tissue types, plus Sweat glands Oil glands Hair follicles and arrector pili muscles Collagen, elastic fibers provide strength (allows skin to bend without tearing) Blood vessels  Binds the epidermis to the subcutaneous tissue To Figure of Skin

12 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-11 Skin Structure: Subcutaneous Layer  Hypodermis  Composed of Fat (adipose) and loose connective tissue Blood vessels and nerves  Functions Storage in fat tissue Cushions and insulates underlying structures To Figure of Skin

13 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-12 Apply Your Knowledge Where are melanin and keratin found, and what is their function? ANSWER: Both are located in the epidermis of the skin. Keratin is a durable protein that makes the epidermis waterproof and resistant to pathogens. Melanin traps UV radiation and prevents damage to underlying layers of the skin (causes skin to have color). Excellent!

14 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-13 Skin Color  Determined by amount of melanin in the epidermis of skin  The more melanin, the darker the skin color Range is from yellowish to brownish

15 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-14 Accessory Organs (cont.)  Hair follicles Generate hairs Only living hair cells are in the follicle Alopecia (baldness) occurs when follicles die Arrector pili muscles attached to follicles cause goose bumps  Oil glands Produce sebum to keep hair soft Prevent bacteria from growing on skin  Nails Protect the ends of fingers and toes Hard keratin Diagram

16 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-15 Accessory Organs (cont.)  Sweat glands Located in the dermis of skin Types  Eccrine Produce watery type of sweat Activated by heat  Apocrine Produce thicker type of sweat with more proteins Concentrated in armpit and groin areas Activated by nervousness or stress Diagram

17 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-16 Accessory Organs Hair follicle Oil gland Sweat gland Return

18 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-17 Skin Healing  Injury  inflammation Redness due to dilation of nearby blood vessels Swelling because vessels leak fluid into spaces between cells Pain because excess fluid activates pain receptors

19 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-18 Skin Healing (cont.)  Inflammation promotes healing Extra blood to area Extra nutrients for skin repair Defensive cells Injury occurs Blood clot forms Scab replaces blood clot Clotted blood and other dried tissue Collagen fibers replace scab Bind the edges of wound; major component of scars

20 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-19 Apply Your Knowledge How does inflammation promote healing of the skin? ANSWER: Inflammation promotes healing by bringing extra blood, nutrients for skin repair, and defensive cells to the area of injury. Correct

21 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-20 Skin and Aging  Skin loses firmness due to Loss of elastic and collagen fibers in dermis Loss and shifting of underlying adipose (fat) tissues  Skin color changes Dermis becomes thinner and more transparent Paler due to decrease in circulation

22 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-21 Skin and Aging (cont.)  Melanin decreases Those remaining gather  “age” spots Hair grays and becomes thinner  Decreased tolerance to temperature changes Sweat glands decrease in number  Decreased perspiration, hard to adjust to high temperatures Loss in adipose tissue and decreased circulation  Increased sensitivity to cold

23 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-22 Apply Your Knowledge What happens to the skin in the elderly? ANSWER: As a person ages, the skin loses firmness, skin color changes, melanocytes decrease, and tolerance to temperature changes decreases due to a loss of adipose tissue and sweat glands. Very Good!

24 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-23 Skin Cancer  Basal cell carcinoma – progresses slowly and rarely spreads to other body parts  Squamous cell carcinoma – more likely to spread to surrounding tissues  Malignant melanoma – more aggressive and occurs anywhere Most arise from melanocytes

25 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-24 Skin Cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma  Signs and symptoms New growth or sore that will not heal Waxy, smooth, red, pale, flat, or lumpy May or may not bleed

26 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-25 Skin Cancer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma  Less common than basal cell carcinoma  Found on face, lips, ears, and backs of hands  Signs and symptoms are the same as for basal cell carcinoma

27 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-26 Skin Cancer: Malignant Melanoma  Signs and Symptoms From melanocytes Appear on trunk, head, neck of men Appear on arms and legs of women Itches or bleeds  Treatment Surgery and biopsy Removal of lymph nodes Chemotherapy and radiation therapy Immunotherapy

28 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-27 Skin Cancer: Stages of Melanoma Stage 0Only found in epidermis Stage ISpread to epidermis and dermis (1 to 2 mm thick) Stage II2 to 4 mm thick plus ulceration Stage IIISpread to one or more lymph nodes Stage IVSpread to other body organs or lymph nodes far from original melanoma

29 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-28 Skin Cancer: ABCD Rule A Asymmetry: The mole should not become asymmetrical B Border should not become irregular C Color should not change or become mixture of colors D Diameter should not grow larger than the diameter of a pencil eraser

30 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-29 In Summary:  First line of defense for body  Protects the body from Invading organisms Chemicals UV light Water loss  Regulates body temperature

31 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-30

32 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-31

33 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24-32

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