2. The Renaissance (1300-1600) Rebirth of learning and arts inspired curiosity Scholars challenged traditionally accepted ideas and practices The Reformation (1500s): Encouraged individuals to challenge accepted ideas and practices Exploration (1400-1800): Foreign lands inhabited by peoples and animals previously unknown New Technologies: printing press, compass, etc.

3. Medieval View: Geocentric Earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe Moon, sun and planets all moved in circular paths around the earth Greek philosopher Aristotle initiated geocentric theory Long-held Christian belief that God placed earth centrally New View: Heliocentric Sun was an immovable object located at the center of the universe Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus initiated heliocentric theory Discoveries included in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (1543) Heliocentric theory caused little stir, but still inspired other scientists

5. Johannes Kepler Mathematically demonstrated that the planets revolve around sun Rotated in elliptical orbits Proved Copernicus’s basic ideas to be true Galileo Galilei Developed personal telescope to study the heavens in 1609 Starry Messenger Jupiter had four moons Sun had dark spots Surface of Earth’s moon rough and uneven Proved Copernicus’s basic ideas to be true Led to many conflicts with Catholic and Protestant Churches

7. Findings frightened both Catholic and Protestant leaders Warned Galileo to not defend Copernicus’s ideas 1632: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Presented ideas of both Copernicus and Ptolemy Demonstrated clear support for the Copernican Theory 1633: Galileo on trial before the Inquisition Under the threat of torture, Galileo renounced his beliefs Lived under house arrest until death in 1642

9. It is commonly believed that the Catholic Church persecuted Galileo for abandoning the geocentric view of the solar system for the heliocentric view. It is commonly believed that the Catholic Church persecuted Galileo for abandoning the geocentric view of the solar system for the heliocentric view. The Galileo Case, for many anti-Catholics, is thought to prove that the Church abhors science, refuses to abandon outdated teachings, and is not infallible. For Catholics, the episode is often an embarrassment. It shouldn’t be. The Galileo Case, for many anti-Catholics, is thought to prove that the Church abhors science, refuses to abandon outdated teachings, and is not infallible. For Catholics, the episode is often an embarrassment. It shouldn’t be. This article provides a brief explanation of what really happened to Galileo according to the Catholic Church. This article provides a brief explanation of what really happened to Galileo according to the Catholic Church.

10. Read through the article “The Galileo Controversy” published on the official Catholic Answers website in 2004. Read through the article “The Galileo Controversy” published on the official Catholic Answers website in 2004. How does the author defend the actions of the Catholic Church against Galileo? How does the author defend the actions of the Catholic Church against Galileo? Identify at least three specific defenses made by the author on a separate sheet of paper. Identify at least three specific defenses made by the author on a separate sheet of paper. Next, tell me what you think. Was Galileo right? Was the Church right? Were they both partly right and wrong? Next, tell me what you think. Was Galileo right? Was the Church right? Were they both partly right and wrong?

11. Ideas of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo developed into a new approach to science called the scientific method Logical procedure for collecting and testing ideas Observe Hypothesize Test Analyze Conclude Developed by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes Bacon, an English writer, developed the experimental method Descartes, a French mathematician, developed analytical geometry

13. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) Written by Isaac Newton Same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter in space and on earth Universe described as a giant clock in which all parts worked together perfectly in ways that could be expressed mathematically God was the clockmaker (creator of the universe) Became most important scientific book ever written

14. Zacharias Janssen: Dutch eyeglass maker that invented the microscope in 1590 Evangelista Torricelli: Italian student of Galileo that developed the first barometer in 1643 Anton van Leeuwenhoek: Dutch merchant and amateur scientist that viewed bacteria and red blood cells using microscope in the 1670s Gabriel Fahrenheit: German physicist that made the first mercury thermometer in 1714 Anders Celsius: Swedish astronomer that created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742

15. Andreas Vesalius Flemish physician disproved Galen’s (ancient Greek physician) traditionally accepted assumptions of the human body Dissected actual human corpses Published discoveries and detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle in On the Structure of the Human Body (1543) Edward Jenner British physician that introduced a preventative vaccine for smallpox in the late 1700s Experimented with cattle disease (cowpox) to produce permanent protection from smallpox for humans

17. Robert Boyle Applied the scientific method to chemistry Became the founder of the modern field The Sceptical Chymist (1661) challenged Aristotle’s idea that the physical world was composed of four elements (earth, water, wind and fire) Boyle proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways (Boyle’s Law) Boyle’s Law explains how temperature, volume and pressure of gas affect each other

18. Who was the most significant contributor of the Scientific Revolution?

19. An intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. The Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Reason, a movement that reached its height in the mid-1700s and brought great change to many aspects of Western civilization.

20. Use the “Enlightenment Thinkers” handout to complete the guided notes.