1. The Reformation

2. Problems with Catholic Church 1. Give at least three examples of how the Catholic Church was caught up in worldly affairs during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. ▫Popes were competing with Italian princes for political power ▫Church fought wars to protect Papal States against invasions by secular rulers ▫Plotted against powerful monarchs who tried to seize control of church within their lands ▫Popes led lavish lives, hired artists to beautify churches (this also led to increased fees for marriages, baptisms)

3. Indulgences 2. What are indulgences? ▫pardons from punishment for sin (Like a get out of purgatory free card) A. What problems arose with them by the late 1400s? ▫Originally they were given as a reward for good deeds, but now they were being sold

4. We’re gonna just skip this one… 3. Explain how Lucas Cranach the Elder expressed his beliefs about Catholicism and Protestantism in the painting on page 62 in your textbook.

5. Martin Luther 4. Identify/explain: Martin Luther (62-63) ▫German monk and professor of theology ▫Was certainly devout (trying to live holy life) ▫Upset with church corruption and holiness ▫Note: he wasn’t perfect (anti-Semitism claims, later in life with health issues) 5. Identify/explain: Johann Tetzel (63) ▫Priest in Wittenberg, Germany ▫Offered indulgences to Germans who gave money to rebuild Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome (said indulgences would assure entry into heaven for people who bought them and their relatives) ▫This became final straw for Luther

6. 95 Theses and Diet of Worms 6. Identify/explain: 95 Theses (63) ▫Martin Luther posted these arguments on church door in Germany in 1517 ▫These were arguments against indulgences, pope authority, supremacy of Bible, salvation through faith only ▫#86. "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?"Crassus ▫Copies of this were printed and distributed across Europe ▫Church calls on Luther to recant, he refuses, takes it a step further (rejecting Pope authority altogether) 7. Explain what happened with Martin Luther and Holy Roman emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521. (63) ▫This was a meeting of empire rulers at city of Worms ▫Luther was commanded to abandon ideas… he refused… ▫"Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." ("Here I stand; I can do no other. God help me. Amen.") ▫The church declared him an outlaw and banned printing and sale of his books

7. Luther’s teachings 8. Explain Luther’s teachings. (64) ▫Believed Bible most important, and should be accessible to all ▫School for children to learn to read (to read bible) ▫Against indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints ▫Emphasized sermon over mass in worship ▫Clergy could marry ▫Bottom line=Bible is sole authority, not church

8. The spread of Protestantism 9. How and why did Luther’s ideas spread in Germany? Make sure you mention the Peasants’ Revolt and the Peace of Augsburg, as well as other reasons, in your answer. (64) ▫Printing press was big one ▫Many clergy saw Luther’s teachings as answer to Church corruption ▫Some German princes liked Lutheran beliefs for political reasons (throws off rule of Church and Holy Roman Emperor, gives them a reason to seize church property) ▫Some supported Luther for national loyalty (German over Italian) ▫Peasants’ Revolt=1524, peasants call for end of serfdom, other changes; they were using Luther’s ideas of rebellion against authority (however, Luther wasn’t totally behind it, and he denounced it as it grew more violent… ultimately, rebellion fails) ▫Charles V fights wars in 1530s and 1540s to force Lutheran princes back into Catholic Church, but not much success ▫Peace of Augsburg (1555) allows princes to decide which religion they followed (most in north picked Lutheran, although southern ones tended to side with Catholic Church)

9. Calvinism 10. Who was John Calvin, and what did he believe? (65) ▫Born in France, he was a priest and lawyer who moved to Switzerland ▫Followed Luther, but believed in predestination – idea that God alone determines salvation ▫Calvinists (who believe God had predestined them) believe they should live holy lives

10. Protestant sects 11. How were Calvin’s ideas put into practice in Switzerland? (65) ▫Geneva, Switzerland, was set up as a theocracy ▫They stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty, morality ▫Fines or punishments for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, dancing, gambling, etc. a. How were they put into practice elsewhere in the world? ▫ some saw this as model and spread to Germany, France, Netherlands, England, Scotland ▫This led to wars with Catholics, movement to America (pilgrims), overthrow of queen in Scotland, etc. 12. What are sects? (66) ▫Religious groups that broke away from established church 13. Who were the Anabaptists? (66) ▫A sect that rejected infant baptism (said only those who are old enough to understand the faith can be baptized) ▫Some also wanted other radical social change (abolish private property, etc.)… today, Baptists, Mennonites, Amish all trace ancestry to them

12. 14. Why did Henry VIII want his marriage annulled? (67) ▫Note that he was a trusted Catholic (he was called “Defender of the Faith” for opposing Luther) ▫He wanted to divorce his first wife (Catherine of Aragon) to marry Anne Boleyn ▫Divorce not allowed in Catholic law, but in past, popes have annulled royal marriages a. Why did the Pope refuse? ▫Pope didn’t want to make an exception (partly because HRE Charles V was nephew of Catherine) b. How did this lead to the formation of the Church of England? ▫Henry has laws passed that removed England from Catholic Church, forms new church, and puts king in charge of it ▫Many Catholics opposed (including Sir Thomas More) and were executed for treason

13. England and religion c. How did the formation of the Church of England change the country? ▫Catholic convents and monasteries were investigated and closed (seized land and wealth, too, and gave them to nobles, which helped gain support for his church) ▫However, Henry VIII didn’t want most Protestant changes, so Anglican Church was basically like Catholic church, only with new leaders 15. Why was England engulfed in religious turmoil in the years after Henry VIII’s death? (67-68) ▫ Had 6 wives ▫Anne didn’t give him a male son (she miscarried several times), and she was executed for adultery in 1536 (despite little evidence)… 1 day later, Henry gets engaged to Jane Seymour… Finally has a son, Edward VI, but he was not healthy… Henry VIII dies in 1547 (waist size 54 inches), and 9-year-old Edward takes over ▫Edward and his advisors want to go more Protestant, making more people mad ▫Then he dies at 15, and half-sister Mary Tudor takes over… Bloody Mary wants to return England to Catholic Church, and persecutes many Protestants 16. How did Queen Elizabeth I end the religious turmoil in England? (68) ▫Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII… she basically compromises religiously (English instead of Latin mass, less power for king/queen, kept bishops hierarchy, etc.) ▫So England didn’t have as many religious wars as other places