1. Review 1, Section Chapter 3 Indus and Huang He River Systems Ancient India and China Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. World History: Connection to Today, Modern Era

2. Review 1, Section Early Civilizations in India and China (2500 B.C.-256 B.C) India’s first civilization grew in the Indus River valley. The Aryans moved in built a new civilization along the Ganges River. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the ancient Chinese (located along Huang He River) made significant achievements in many areas. 3

3. Review 1, Section Timeline of Events in Asia 2500 B.C. – Indus River Valley emerges the first city is Mohenjo-Daro. 2000 B.C. – Chinese civilization emerges along the Huang He or Yellow River. 1650 B.C. - Shang family or dynasty rules the Huang He. 1500 B.C. - Aryans migrate into India and might have destroyed the Indus people. 1027 B.C. – Zhou family overtakes the Shang and claims the mandate of heaven. 500 B.C. – India records ideas of the Vedas their sacred texts.

4. Review 1, Section Geography of the Indian Subcontinent The Indus Valley is located on the subcontinent of India. The mountains in the north limited contact with other lands and helped India to develop a distinct culture. The subcontinent is divided into three major zones: northern plain, Deccan, and coastal plains. The rivers of India, particularly the Ganges, are considered sacred. The monsoon, or seasonal wind, is a defining feature of Indian life. 3

5. Review 1, Section Mohenjo-Daro (aerial and top view)

6. Review 1, Section The “Great Bath” at Mohenjo-Daro

7. Review 1, Section Indus Valley Civilization 2500-1500BC Well-organized government; Carefully planned out cities plumbing and sewer system Most people were farmers; First to cultivate cotton Traded with distant lands, including Sumer Religious Beliefs Polytheistic with focus on “Great Mother” Natural Goddess Also, Male statue seated in yoga position with four animals (earlier Shiva?) Great bath and existence of priests Animal engravings, the bull was most common Covered largest area of any early civilization 3 Priest-King rulers Undeciphered writing system

8. Review 1, Section Priest King Rulers – Harappan Civilization

9. Review 1, Section

11. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

12. Review 1, Section Decline and Disappearance of Indus Valley Civilization No one knows for certain why the cities were abandoned and forgotten. Scholars have proposed a number of theories: Too many trees were cut down. A devastating earthquake destroyed the region. A volcanic eruption caused the Indus to flood the city. Aryan invaders overran the region. 3

13. Review 1, Section Aryan Invasions

14. Review 1, Section Culture of the Aryan Invaders Nomadic warriors and cattle herders Conquered Indus and India, built no cities and left no statues No writing system and called “VEDIC AGE” Felt superior to the people they conquered Lived in tribes led by rajahs Were polytheistic, with Priests who sang hymn/prayers (VEDAS). Priests conducted ceremonies and sacrifices to please Gods 3 Indra – Storm God Agni – Fire God

15. Review 1, Section To Indra, Storm God “I will declare the manly deeds of Indra, the first he achieved, the thunder-wielder. He slew the dragon, then disclosed the waters, and cleft the channels of the mountain torrents. Like lowing kine in rapid flow descending the waters glided downward to the ocean. Impetuous as a bull, he chose the Soma, and in three beakers drank the juices.” Rig Veda – Hymn to Indra

16. Review 1, Section Aryan Hymn of “Primeval Man” “When the gods divided the Man, into how many parts did they divide him? What was his mouth, what were his arms, what were his thighs and his feet called? The Brahmin was his mouth, of his arms was made the warrior, his thighs became the Vaisya, of his feet the Sudra was born.” From the Vedas

17. Review 1, Section Aryans develop a Civilization Integrated Aryan and Non Aryan into castes/ social divisions settled into villages throughout the Ganges River Valley to farm and breed cattle Rival Kingdoms were forming moved toward the idea of a single spiritual power called “Brahman.” developed the written language of Sanskrit. 3 VEDAS

18. Review 1, Section Aryan Caste System

19. Review 1, Section India’s Epics (Stories) The Mahabharata celebrates battle and reflects important Indian beliefs about the immortality of the soul and “Dharma” one’s duties. Two great epic poems, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, tell us about Aryan life and values. 3 The Mahabharata (This part called the Bhagavad-Gita) Prince Arjuna is talking to one of the Gods about an upcoming battle “O Krishna, when I see my kinsmen thus arrayed for battle, my mind is all awhirl. These I would not kill even though they may seek to kill me.” Krishna decides to tell Arjuna about their beliefs; in particular the soul. “It is never born and never dies, nor once it exists, does it cease to be. Unborn, eternal, abiding, and ancient, it is not slain when the body is slain... Weapons do not destroy it, fire does not burn it, waters do not wet it, wind does not dry it.”

20. Review 1, Section The Ramayana (Rama and Sita are the ideal husband and wife) The hero Rama and beautiful Sita are married. Not long after their wedding, Sita is kidnapped by the evil demon-king Ravana. The story describes the efforts of Rama to rescue Sita with the aid of his monkey general Hanuman. Ravana tries to ward off the attack by killing a duplicate of Sita before Rama’s eyes. But, Rama presses on, refusing to believe she is gone, and winning the battle and rescuing his bride. “May you be like Sita.” Is a common blessing given to Indian women. The Ramayana celebrates a daring and adventurous hero and portrays the ideal woman named Sita, as loyal and obedient to her husband.

21. Review 1, Section Shang Map and Bronze Vessel

22. Review 1, Section The Geography of China Long distances and physical barriers separated China from Egypt, the Middle East, and India. Isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was the center of the earth and the only civilization “middle kingdom” As in Egypt and Mesopotamia, Chinese civilization began in a river valley, the Huang He. Sometimes called the river of “sorrows” China was the most isolated of the civilizations studied thus far. 3

23. Review 1, Section Chinese civilization took shape under the Shang and Zhou. 3 Gained control of corner of northern China along Huang He. Drove off nomads from northern steppes and deserts. Held complex religious beliefs. Oracle bones used to predict the future. Developed written script with 10,000 characters. Overthrew the Shang. Promoted idea of Mandate of Heaven. Set up feudal state. Known as “warring” states period. Economy and commerce grew. Population increased. Zhou Dynasty (1027 B.C.–256 B.C.) Shang Dynasty (1650 B.C.–1027 B.C.)

24. Review 1, Section The Dynastic Cycle in China The dynastic cycle refers to the rise and fall of dynasties. 3

25. Review 1, Section Cultural Achievements Made remarkable achievements in the art of bronzemaking. Studied the movement of planets and recorded eclipses of the sun. Developed accurate calendar with 365 1/4 days. Made the first books from wood or bamboo. Discovered how to make silk thread. Silk became China’s most valuable export. Trade route to the Middle East became known as Silk Road. The Chinese made progress in many areas during the Shang and Zhou periods. 3