1. India

2. Geography Hindu Kush Mountains Himalayan Mountains Indian Ocean Geographic barriers allowed Indian civilization to progress with few interruptions from invaders.

3. Indo-Europeans Nomadic peoples who migrated across Europe and Asia They spoke forms of the same language

4. Indo-Aryans Nomadic herders who migrated through passes in the Hindu Kush Mountains

5. Khyber Pass Aryan migration route

6. Aryan Invaders Conquered advanced Indus River Valley cities Put native Indians on the bottom of the caste system

7. Aryans Moved east and built kingdoms along the Ganges river. The Indus and the Ganges were the most important rivers in the Indian subcontinent

8. Vedas Vast collection of ancient Aryan prayers, magical spells and and instructions for performing rituals passed on orally for 1000 + years

9. Caste System Rigid class system based on occupations People were born into their caste for life and could only move up in another life

10. Caste System Dasas – slaves, native to India –Endangerment to others’ ritual purity Four Social Classes –Brahmins – priests –Kshatriyas - warriors –Vaishyas - Peasants and traders –Shudras - Laborers and craftsmen “Untouchables” – Impure; butchers, trash collectors, and gravediggers

11. Castes Influenced all social interactions and choice of occupations Job Marriage Dress

12. Development of Hinduism and Buddhism Aryans and non-Aryans began to mix Evolved into worshipping thousands of gods Due to the religious turmoil, Buddhism and Hinduism were formed These religions continue to influence millions of people

13. Hinduism Many forms of one God Reincarnation Caste system Karma Vedas and Upanishads Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

14. Hinduism Collection of religious beliefs developed over time World-view No single founder Third largest religion after Christianity and Islam Caste system in religious law based on occupations Belief in many forms of one major deity

15. Brahman Many forms of one major deity (God). The unifying soul in all things.

16. Reincarnation Cycles of Rebirth A spirit is born again and again until moksha (perfect understanding) is achieved

17. Achieving moksha Path of right thinking Path of right action Path of religious devotion

18. Karma Good deeds and bad deeds Future life based on present behavior Influences caste, health, wealth, etc.

19. Society Good karma – born as Brahmin, warrior, or merchant Bad karma – born a female, laborer, or untouchable Caste system controlled the life of a Hindu What you could eat, personal cleanliness, your dress, who your friends were Religion guides the Hindus

20. Spread of Hinduism Hinduism spread from India to Southeast Asia

21. Upanishads Dialogues between student and teacher Explains such concepts as Brahman, karma and reincarnation

22. Origins of Buddhism Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the part of India that borders present- day Nepal.

23. Siddhartha Guatama Buddha :” The Enlightened One” Enlightenment: wisdom; a state of perfect understanding

24. Beliefs of Buddhism Rejects the Hindu caste system, but keeps the concepts of karma and reincarnation Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path

25. Four Noble Truths Life is full of suffering The cause of suffering is desire The way to end suffering is to end desire To end desire, one must follow the Eightfold Path

26. Eightfold Path The Middle Way between desires and self-denial By following the path anyone could reach Nirvana Nirvana: release from selfishness and pain

27. Asoka Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia

28. Spread of Buddhism Mahayana spread to China, Korea, and Japan Theravada spread to SE Asia and Sri Lanka

29. Religions of East Asia Colored areas represent predominant religions today Buddhist ideals eventually became absorbed into the Hindu religion in India

30. Gupta Empire Golden age of classical Indian culture

31. India’s Golden Age a period of peace and prosperity and a flourishing of arts, literature and learning Mathematics Textiles (cotton) Literature Sugarcane Gupta Dynasty Contributions

32. Hindu Numerals Base 10 Included zero Place value and decimals

33. Indian Cotton Indians were the first to cultivate cotton and weave its fibers into cloth

34. Gupta Dynasty Literature Kalidasa Tamil poets

35. Indian Trade sugarcane cotton cloth spices

38. Lateen Sail