1. Prehistory & Ancient River Valley Civilizations

2. Catal Huyuk - Çatalhöyük Remains of a Neolithic town Remains of a Neolithic town 9,000 years ago, one of the world's largest settlements. 9,000 years ago, one of the world's largest settlements.

3. Catal Huyuk Çatal Hüyük, Southern Anatolia, Turkey - Neolithic, from 6500 up to 5700 years BCE

4. Characteristics of Civilizations Cities Cities Centralized government, law codes, organized religion Centralized government, law codes, organized religion System of writing System of writing Specialized jobs – Division of Labor Specialized jobs – Division of Labor Social Class Structure Social Class Structure Advanced Technology Advanced Technology

5. Four Early River Valleys

6. How did they become civilizations? Neolithic Revolution – domestication of plants & animals Neolithic Revolution – domestication of plants & animals Organized Farming & village life Organized Farming & village life Food Surplus was created led to specialization of labor Food Surplus was created led to specialization of labor Growth in population Growth in population Creation of complex socieites requiring complex institutions which governed large scale projects like irrigation Creation of complex socieites requiring complex institutions which governed large scale projects like irrigation

7. Population Growth & Development of Civilizations Iron Age = new farms tools = food surplus Iron Age = new farms tools = food surplus Farming and Pastoral Nomads replaced hunter- gatherers Farming and Pastoral Nomads replaced hunter- gatherers Domesticated animals = beasts of burden = food surplus Domesticated animals = beasts of burden = food surplus Increased, healthier population living closer together in new urban areas Increased, healthier population living closer together in new urban areas Increased immunities based on close proximity & better health Increased immunities based on close proximity & better health

8. Population Growth & Development of Civilizations Cultural connections increased through new trade routes Cultural connections increased through new trade routes Developments of empires Developments of empires Development of Writing systems to record taxes to pay for expanded governments Development of Writing systems to record taxes to pay for expanded governments Development of great road building projects to encourage trade, uniform coinage, uniform weights & measurements Development of great road building projects to encourage trade, uniform coinage, uniform weights & measurements (Lydian's & Persians)

9. Early River Civilizations: EGYPT 3000BCE Egyptian Science and Technology Egyptian Science and Technology 1. Irrigation – water from Nile River (god) to grow wheat & other foods 2. Preserving the human body after death through mummification 3. Physicians diagnose illness & perform brain & body surgery

10. Egyptian Science and Technology Accurate calendar Accurate calendar Hieroglyphics: system of writing called Hieroglyphics: system of writing called Advanced mathematical geometry & engineering skills in the creation of the pyramids Advanced mathematical geometry & engineering skills in the creation of the pyramids irrigation irrigationsystems

11. EGYPT Monarchy – Kingdom/Empire Monarchy – Kingdom/Empire Pharaoh God/King Pharaoh God/King Dynasty – ruling family Dynasty – ruling family Polytheistic Polytheistic Advances in medicine, math, calendars, irrigation, cosmetics, mummification, building & architecture, pyramids, jewelry, Advances in medicine, math, calendars, irrigation, cosmetics, mummification, building & architecture, pyramids, jewelry, metal work Social Class Structure: Pharaoh, Priest/Nobles, merchants/artisans (Middle Class), peasants, slaves Social Class Structure: Pharaoh, Priest/Nobles, merchants/artisans (Middle Class), peasants, slaves

12. Ancient Egypt

13. MESOPOTAMIA – FERTILE CRESCENT Sumerians 1 st Civilization: 1 st to build wheeled vehicles - 3500 BCE Sumerians 1 st Civilization: 1 st to build wheeled vehicles - 3500 BCE built irrigation systems, dykes, and canals for better farming built irrigation systems, dykes, and canals for better farming Cuneiform system of writing – 1st Cuneiform system of writing – 1st Sumerian- algebra and geometry Sumerian- algebra and geometry Sumerian: - city-states, Preist/Kings polytheistic, Sumerian: - city-states, Preist/Kings polytheistic,

14. Fertile Crescent & Mesopotamia

15. Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent Babylonians: astronomy, Code of Hammurabi, was the first written laws in history Babylonians: astronomy, Code of Hammurabi, was the first written laws in history Hittites: first to mine iron ore to produce iron weapons & tools (Iron Age) Hittites: first to mine iron ore to produce iron weapons & tools (Iron Age) Assyrians: new military equipment - moveable towers and battering rams, 1 st library of cuneiform tablets, chariot Assyrians: new military equipment - moveable towers and battering rams, 1 st library of cuneiform tablets, chariot

16. Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent Code on columns in each city-state Assyrian weapons & chariot

17. Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent Persians: controlled empire Asia Minor to India (to Indus River) Persians: controlled empire Asia Minor to India (to Indus River) Persians: divided empire into provinces, governor called a satrap Persians: divided empire into provinces, governor called a satrap Taxes on resources and wealth Taxes on resources and wealth Single code of laws for the empire Single code of laws for the empire Royal Roads to unify empire, common set of weights & measures, single coinage Royal Roads to unify empire, common set of weights & measures, single coinage Zoroastrian Religion – good & evil & polytheistic faiths Zoroastrian Religion – good & evil & polytheistic faiths

18. Persian Empire Coins Royal Roads Weights & Measures

19. Other Civilizations Fertile Crescent Phoenicians: Manufacturing and trade, colonization around Mediterranean Sea, glass, sea snail-purple dye (royal purple), phonetic alphabet-22 letters Phoenicians: Manufacturing and trade, colonization around Mediterranean Sea, glass, sea snail-purple dye (royal purple), phonetic alphabet-22 letters (adapted by Greeks and Romans)

20. Hebrews/Jews Hebrews: Judaism - oldest known monotheistic religion Hebrews: Judaism - oldest known monotheistic religion Founder-Abraham Founder-Abraham Moses-Prophet: Ten Commandments 2000 BCE – Laws Moses-Prophet: Ten Commandments 2000 BCE – Laws Significant Writings-Torah and Talmud Book of laws & beliefs, as well as Old Testament of the Bible Significant Writings-Torah and Talmud Book of laws & beliefs, as well as Old Testament of the Bible Places of Worship-Jews worship in temples called synagogues Places of Worship-Jews worship in temples called synagogues One God who is the creator of all things One God who is the creator of all things

21. India 2500BCE: First cultivation of rice, cotton and tea 2500BCE: First cultivation of rice, cotton and tea built ships, navigated seas, international commerce (Indian Ocean & overland) built ships, navigated seas, international commerce (Indian Ocean & overland) well-planned towns, rectangular patterns well-planned towns, rectangular patterns Art -copper, bronze, and pottery, including a large collection of terra-cotta toys Art -copper, bronze, and pottery, including a large collection of terra-cotta toys two-storied and spacious, lined the town streets; they had drainage systems that led into brick-lined sewers two-storied and spacious, lined the town streets; they had drainage systems that led into brick-lined sewers

22. Ancient India  Social Class Structure: Caste System: Brahmana (priests), Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishya (traders and agriculturists), and Shudra (workers). Person's occupation or group depended upon birth  Sanskrit: writing system

23. Ancient India - Religion HINDUISM: polytheistic religion 3000 BCE HINDUISM: polytheistic religion 3000 BCE Significant Writings-Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita Significant Writings-Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita Oral 1 st, Written in Sanskrit – history & hymns, teachings of Hinduism Oral 1 st, Written in Sanskrit – history & hymns, teachings of Hinduism spiritual oneness of the soul, atman spiritual oneness of the soul, atman soul obtains moksha or liberation soul obtains moksha or liberation

24. Hinduism Reincarnation: karma you get what you give new life Reincarnation: karma you get what you give new life Dharma: Duties of all Dharma: Duties of all Hindu’s in their caste Supports rigid Supports rigid social structure Caste System Cow Sacred Cow Sacred

25. Buddhism Founder-Siddhartha Gautama Founder-Siddhartha Gautama Buddha, which means "enlightened one." – he did not believe he was a god Buddha, which means "enlightened one." – he did not believe he was a god Dalai Lama:spiritual leader of Buddhism Dalai Lama:spiritual leader of Buddhism Four Noble Truths – beliefs – end suffereing, end desire Four Noble Truths – beliefs – end suffereing, end desire Eightfold Path: represents one of the teachings of the Eightfold Path – right thinking, speaking etc. Eightfold Path: represents one of the teachings of the Eightfold Path – right thinking, speaking etc.

26. Buddhism Reincarnation: karma you get what you give, new life, continuous cycle of life & death Reincarnation: karma you get what you give, new life, continuous cycle of life & death Rejected Caste Rejected CasteSystem Salvation possible in Salvation possible in this Lifetime Nirvana spiritual Nirvana spiritual enlightenment enlightenment

27. Early China Shang Dynasty: 2000BCE system of writing pictographs - drawings of objects ideographs – thought or idea Shang Dynasty: 2000BCE system of writing pictographs - drawings of objects ideographs – thought or idea Oracle Bone early writing: Oracle Bone early writing: Zhou Dynasty: Zhou Dynasty: Mandate of Heaven rise & fall of dynasties  Qin Dynasty: Shi huangdi - new technologies warfare, cavalry, Legalism – you will obey orders! new technologies warfare, cavalry, Legalism – you will obey orders! Burned Confucian books

28. Ancient China Qin China: standardized the language and writing of China Qin China: standardized the language and writing of China currency became standardized circular copper coin currency became standardized circular copper coin Great Wall built Great Wall built in north to protect China Roads and Roads and irrigation canals built –Burned books

29. Classical China  Han China: Emperor Wudi: government & economy, Golden Age of China & economy, Golden Age of China  Han scientists wrote textbooks from zoology to botany and chemistry  Astronomers accurate clocks & calendars, Paper, wheelbarrow, Acupuncture alleviate pain & herbal remedies  Silk Road: trade with the Roman Empire and later empires east & west

30. Classical China Artists and architects carvings in jade, wood, or ivory, & the elaborate temples Artists and architects carvings in jade, wood, or ivory, & the elaborate temples Silk, Ceramics, lacquer and bamboo wares Silk, Ceramics, lacquer and bamboo wares Chinese Compass Silk Road – 1 st journey

31. Chinese Philosophies Ancestor worship Ancestor worship Confucianism: social order and mutual respect - 500 BCE Confucianism: social order and mutual respect - 500 BCE Founder-Kong Fu Zi - Confucius Founder-Kong Fu Zi - Confucius Significant Writings- Significant Writings- The Analects - sayings

32. Chinese Philosophies - Confucianism Five Relationships: Five Relationships: –Ruler to ruled. –Father to son. –Older brother to younger brother. –Husband to wife. –Friend to friend  Jen-Human kindness should be shown towards one another.  Li-Proper etiquette should always be used, and one should strive to achieve perfect virtue.  Filial Piety-One should respect their elders

33. Legacies of River Valleys Expanded populations & urbanization Expanded populations & urbanization New networks – roads & trade routes lined, sea routes New networks – roads & trade routes lined, sea routes Established systems of government, laws, & religion Established systems of government, laws, & religion Established patterns of culture & cultural diffusion Established patterns of culture & cultural diffusion