1. INDUS RIVER VALLEY Global History I: Adamiak

2. Geography & It’s Impact Location: Northernmost part of the Indian subcontinent & modern day Pakistan

3. Geography & It’s Impact The Monsoons Seasonal winds in the winter and summer. If easterly winter winds prevailed, then there was drought If westerly summer winds prevailed, then there was severe flooding

4. Monsoons

6. Geography & It’s Impact Geographic Isolation The Indus River runs between the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains The mountain ranges often limited contact with other cultures Protected Harappan civilization from invasion (until Aryans in 1500 B.C.E.)

7. Planned Cities on the Indus Planned urban centers of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa Cities laid out on a grid (Like Manhattan above 14 th Street) Both cities’ blocks, structures, and buildings were almost identical What does this suggest?

8. Mohenjo-Daro Citadel

9. Mohenjo-Daro

10. Harappa

12. Planned Cities on the Indus Layout of Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro Homes At least two stories All had a courtyard with a balcony Most had a small well and bathtub Water In Mohenjo-Daro a basin known as the Great Bath was built Running water Shows emphasis on cleanliness & purification

13. Achievements & Contributions Sewers & baths Almost every home had a small bathroom Drainage in the streets to clear waste

14. Achievements & Contributions First to weave cotton Used bricks to build structures Mud bricks Wood bricks Standard size weights and measurements

15. Government Rulers within the cities of the Indus Valley governed through the control of trade and religion rather than military strength. The rulers carried seals with animal symbols No monuments built to rulers; no palaces Believed to be an egalitarian society City-states were controlled by a small number of merchants, landowners and religious leaders Priest-King Statue Bull seal

16. Interesting Tidbit Archaeologists have uncovered more TOYS than WEAPONS in their excavations of Harappan cultures.

17. Aryan Migration Aryans  nomads who most likely originated in modern Iran Eventually many Aryan tribes settled in the Indus Valley forgoing their nomadic ways

18. Aryan Invasion Religion Not much is known about Indus religion Seals that cannot be deciphered suggest a polytheistic & nature worshipping religion Fertility was of paramount concern Under Aryans, the religion is mixed with the Aryan and Indus beliefs and Hinduism forms over a period of time

19. Aryan Invasion The Vedic Period (1900 – 500 BCE) The Vedas  books in which Aryans record their beliefs Development of a caste system Emerged to subjugate the native people of India to Aryan rule Term Aryan comes from the Sanskrit word “Arya,” which means “noble”