1. Russian Revolution

2. Czars = cruel, oppressive rule (19 th cent)  Social unrest (revolutions)

3. I. Czars Resist Change Czars = autocrats Imposed strict censorship codes  Written docs.  Secret police  Political prisoners = sent to Siberia  Other groups oppressed  Czar Nicholas II (1894)—last czar

4. II. Russia Industrializes Factories doubled: 1863-1900  still behind West  Acquired foreign investment & raised taxes  1900: Russia = 4 th largest steel producer Trans-Siberian RR (1891 – 1916)

6. A. Revolution Grows I.R. = discontent?  Factories = poor working conditions, low wages, child labor  Trade unions outlawed Marxist Revolutionaries

7. B. Marxism Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels  The Communist Manifesto  Society = warring classes Middle class = “haves” or employers  “bourgeoisie” Poor = “have-nots” or workers  “proletariat”  I.R. enriched wealthy & impoverished the poor  Proletariat would overthrow bourgeoisie

8. C. Bolsheviks Vladimir I. Lenin  Fled to W. Euro (early 1900s)

9. II. Crisis at Home 1904-1917 = CRISIS

10. A. Bloody Sunday Jan. 22, 1905:  200,000 workers petitioned czar’s winter palace Wanted change  Soldiers fired on crowd Over 1,000 wounded, several hundred killed  Strikes & violence spread  Nicholas did nothing

11. B. WWI: Final Blow 1914: Russia & WWI Unprepared—no match for Germans  Over 4 mill. killed in less than 1 yr. 1915: Nicholas moved h.q. to war front  Czarina Alexandra ran govt.  Rasputin made political decisions Murdered by nobles (1916)  Soldiers mutinied, food & fuel was low, inflation

12. III. The March Revolution March 1917: workers strike in Petrograd  Riots over shortages (bread & fuel)  200,000 workers Down with the autocracy! Down with the war!  Soldiers sided w/workers

13. A. Czar Steps Down Protest led to March Rev. Nicholas forced to abdicate  He & family executed  Romanov dynasty ended Provisional govt. est.  Cont’d to fight WWI  Unrest spread Socialist revolutionaries  Soviets: local councils of workers, peasants, & soldiers More influence than provisional govt.

14. B. Lenin Returns Germans supported Lenin’s return to Russia Reached Petrograd (April 1917)

15. IV. Bolshevik Rev. Bolsheviks took Petrograd soviet All power to the soviets! Peace, Land, and Bread!

16. A. Provisional Govt. Topples Nov. 1917: workers stormed Winter Palace  “Bolshevik Red Guards”  Took over govt. (provisional govt./the Duma)

17. B. Bolsheviks in Power Everything collectivized March 1918: signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

18. C. Political Reforms Nationalism seen as threat Russia organized into several self-governing republics under central govt.  1922: U.S.S.R. Bolsheviks = “Communist Party”  Communism = classless society  Held ALL power A dictatorship of the Communist Party, NOT dictatorship of the “proletariat”

19. D. Stalin Becomes Dictator 1922: Lenin suffered stroke  Died 1924 Stalin gained control  In power until 1953