1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 10 Lecture Food and Agriculture The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition Matthew Cartlidge University of Nebraska-Lincoln

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Issues Where did agriculture originate? Why do people consume different foods? Where is agriculture distributed? Why do farmers face economic difficulties?

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Outcomes 10.1.1: Identify the major crop and livestock hearths. 10.1.2: Describe the major differences between subsistence and commercial agriculture. 10.2.1: Explain differences between developed and developing countries in food consumption. 10.2.2: Explain the global distribution of undernourishment. 10.3.1: Identify the 11 major agricultural regions. 10.3.2: Explain how pastoral nomadism work in the dry lands of developing regions. 10.3.3: Explain how shifting cultivation works in the tropics of developing regions. 10.3.4: Explain how intensive subsistence farming works in the high population concentrations of developing regions. 10.3.5: Describe reasons for growing crops other than wet rice in intensive subsistence regions.

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Outcomes 10.3.6: Describe how mixed crop and livestock farming works. 10.3.7: Describe how dairy farming and commercial gardening work. 10.3.8: Describe how grain and Mediterranean farming work. 10.3.9: Describe how livestock ranching works. 10.4.1: Describe the impact of population growth and trade on farming in developing countries. 10.4.2: Understand distinctive challenges for developing countries to increase food supply. 10.4.3: Explain the impact of overproduction and market access on farming in developed countries. 10.4.4: Explain the contribution of expanding exports and farmland to world food supply. 10.4.5: Describe the contribution of fishing to world food supply. 10.4.6: Describe the contribution of higher productivity to world food supply.

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Did Agriculture Originate? 1. Invention of Agriculture  Prior to the advent of agriculture, all humans probably obtained needed food through hunting and gathering.  Origins of agriculture cannot be documented with certainty, because it began before recorded history.  Agriculture is deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Did Agriculture Originate? 2. Crop- plant cultivated by people 3. Hunter-gatherer society: small traveling group; hunt, fish, and gather; no permanent settlement; moves as seasons change 4. Today.005% (about 250,000 people) of the world’s population still live as hunter-gatherers 5. Hunter gatherers live in the Great Victorian Desert in Australia (Spinifex people), India’s Andaman Islands (Sentinelese people), and Botswana and Namibia (the Bushmen).

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Did Agriculture Originate? 6. Agricultural Revolution  The time when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering was known as the agricultural revolution.  Agriculture originated in multiple hearths around the world: Crop Hearths: –Sub-Saharan Africa: »Early crops: Sorghum, yams, millet, and rice. –Latin America: »Early crops: Beans, cotton, potato, and most importantly maize (corn). –Southwest Asia: »Early crops: barley, wheat, lentil, and olive. –East Asia: »Early crops: Rice and millet.

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Did Agriculture Originate?  Animal Hearths: –Southwest Asia: »Early domesticated animals: Cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, and dogs. –Central Asia: »Early domesticated animals: Horses

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10. Where Did Agriculture Originate? Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture 8. Subsistence agriculture is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family. Practiced primarily in developing countries 9. Commercial agriculture is the production of food primarily for sale off the farm. Practiced primarily in developed countries. Features that distinguish itself from subsistence agriculture include: lower percentage of farmers in labor force, highly mechanized, and larger farm size.

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Did Agriculture Originate? Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture 10. 3 main features that separate commercial and subsistence agriculture--- %of farmers in the labor force, use of machinery, and farm size ; 2 other important feature include farmer’s purpose and the relationship of farming to other businesses 11. See chart…

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15. Why Do People Consume Different Foods? Diet  Dietary energy consumption is the amount of food that an individual consumes.  Consumption of food varies around the world, both in total amount and source of nutrients, for two reasons.  Level of development  Physical conditions 1.Food security- physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life 2.Around 1/8 of the world has no food security.

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17. Why Do People Consume Different Foods? Source of Nutrients  Developed and developing regions typically differ most in their primary sources of protein consumed. Developed Countries –Leading source of protein is meat products. »Beef »Pork »Poultry Developing Countries –Leading source of protein is cereal grains (wheat, rice, and maize)

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20. Why Do People Consume Different Foods? Nutrition and Hunger 3. Undernourishment is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity. 4. UN estimates 870 million people in world are undernourished. –99% located in developing countries –India – 225 million (largest) –China- 130 million – Sub-Saharan Africa –South Asia –and other developing countries Worldwide, the total number of undernourished people has not changed much in several decades.

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Wednesday, April 6 th, 2016 Bell Ringer: 1.Turn in your packet to me, but only if you completed ALL of KI3. Everything should be completely filled in… there were no questions that didn’t come directly from the reading. 2.Take out a sheet of loose leaf for the short bell ringer quiz. 3.Once I have everyone’s packet, I will put up the quiz questions. 4.Go to the bathroom/get water, if necessary.

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do People Consume Different Foods? Bell Ringer Quiz: Take out a sheet of loose leaf and answer the following questions without using your notes. 1.Name the four regions identified as the crop hearths. (List) 2.Name the two regions identified as the animal hearths. (List) 3.What are the two reasons why food consumption varies around the world? (List) 4.For each of the two reasons, give an example comparing and contrasting specific regions. (complete sentences)  Turn in your paper when you are done.  You have a maximum of 15 minutes.

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26. Where is Agriculture Distributed? Pastoral Nomadism 1.Pastoral nomadism is a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals. 2.This type of agriculture is found in dry climates, where planting is possible. 3.Regions: Large belt of arid/semi-arid land in Central and SW Asia, and North Africa, as well as in Saudi Arabia(Bedouin people) and East Africa (Masai people). Only 15 million people practice pastoral nomadism, yet they occupy 20% of the land on Earth. 4.Obtaining Grain: a) Some from sedentary subsistence farmers, in exchange for animal products. b) More commonly, women and children of a nomadic group tend to crops at a fixed location. c) Nomads may hire workers to practice sedentary agriculture. d) Some nomads will remain in a place and cultivate the land only when rainfall is abundant.

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed? Pastoral Nomadism 5. Animals: camels, goats and sheep – North Africa and SW Asia; Horses: Central Asia;  A typical family of nomads would need 10-25 camels or 25-60 goats or sheep 6. Territoriality: Every group has their own piece of land to control, which provides food for their animals and water; size of land depends on wealth and power; herding groups know the best routes for water 7. Transhumance: seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas 8. Modern governments: With new ways of communicating and transporting, pastoral nomads are no longer important in the role of spreading information and goods across sparsely populated lands; many are forced to give up their land for petroleum and mining

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed? 9. Shifting Cultivation climate: Tropical for the high temperatures and rainfall; Tropical rain forests – Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, & SE Asia 10. Shifting cultivation is characterized by two distinctive features: 1.Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris. 2.Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it fallow for many years so the soil can recover. »Farmers return to a fallow site in as few as 6 years later or as many as 20 years later.

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed? 11. Swidden: the cleared area for planting 12. Potash: potassium from burned debris and fertilizer 13. Swiddens are used for 3 years of less 14. Land Ownership –Traditionally, land collectively owned by village. –Today, private individuals now own land, especially in Latin America. 15. ¼ of the world’s land area is devoted to shifting cultivation 16. Only 5% of the world’s people work this land

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed? 17. Pros- Arguments against replacing shifting cultivation  It’s environmentally sound for the tropics  Large scale deforestation leads to global warming  It upsets traditional local diversity and culture in tropics  See Pg. 361  Cons- How is shifting cultivation being replaced  Logging and cattle ranching provide raw materials like timber and meat to builders and the food service industry  Shifting cultivation is inefficient in LDCs to provide for the hungry and support small # of people  See Pg. 361 18. Intensive: farmers must work intensively to subsist on land

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed? 19. Intensive Subsistence Farming Feeds most of the ¾ of the world’s people, who live in developing countries in East, South, and Southeast Asia Farmers work intensively to subsist on a parcel of land. –Most of the work is done by hand or with animals rather than machines. –Virtually all available land is used for production. –Parcels of land are much smaller than elsewhere in world. Example 20. Wet rice: the process where rice is planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed? 21. Sawah- flooded field; Paddy- word used incorrectly by North Americans and Europeans 22. Double- cropping- obtaining 2 crops per year 23. Common with warm winters in China and Taiwan; rare in India/ alternate rice in summer with grain in winter 24. Wheat and barley is cultivated where wet rice in not dominant; Intensive wet-rice farming is the dominant type of agriculture in the following places: Southeastern China, East India, & Southeast Asia  Climate prevents farmers from growing wet rice in portions of Asia, especially where summer precipitation levels are too low and winters are too harsh. 25. Multiple harvests are made possible in less mild regions by crop rotation- rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed? Intensive Subsistence Farming 26. Communist China: a)Agriculture following the communist revolution was based on communes, which was several small villages/fields combined into one and farmed by everyone included in that area. b)People worked less efficiently in communes than when they were on their own. c)Agriculture in China today involves a reorganization of the land. Individuals own their own farms, but it is difficult because the irrigation systems and equipment was made for communal farms; still production has risen 27. Plantation Farming – large commercial farm that specializes in one or two crops Regions: Tropics and sub-tropics of Latin America, Africa, and Asia Situated in LDCS, but Operated by MDCs( Europeans and North Americans) Workers are imported and provided food and shelter. Crops farmed include cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, and tobacco

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed? Geographer Derwent Whittlesey identified 11 main agricultural regions, plus an area where agriculture was nonexistent.  5 present in developing countries 1.Pastoral Nomadism 2.Shifting Cultivation 3.Intensive Subsistence, wet rice dominant 4.Intensive Subsistence, crops other than rice dominant 5.Plantation  6 present in developed countries 1.Mixed Crop and Livestock 2.Dairying 3.Grain 4.Ranching 5.Mediterranean 6.Commercial Gardening  Agribusiness is commonly used to refer to commercial types of farming listed for MDCS, because the family farm is not an isolated activity but is integrated into a large food-production industry.

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming 28. West of the Appalachian Mountains and in Europe from France to Russia Most distinctive characteristic is the integration of crops and livestock; Most of the crops are fed to animals instead of humans, and the animals provide manure as fertilizer. Ironically, nearly all land area is devoted to growing crops, yet more than ¾ of its income is derived from the sale of animal products. e.g. beef and eggs (#29) Permits farmers to distribute the workload more evenly through the year, because crops require less attention, aside from planting and harvesting them. (#30) Typically involves crop rotation, practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil. Corn(maize) is a common crop farmed in mixed crop and livestock agriculture. It can be consumed by humans (corn, oil, margarine, etc.), but it’s mostly grown to feed the livestock (pigs and cattle) (#31) U.S. Corn Belt: Located from Ohio in the east to the Dakotas in the west, with Iowa at the center- mostly grown are corn and soybeans (#32)

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming 33. Fallow- uncropped land allowed to replenish its nutrients; usually there is a cycle of 2 or more crops and then one year of fallow 34. Cereal grains include: oats, wheat, barley, and rye; it can be sold or fed to animals; it can be stored and if it isn’t being grown or sold, it can be used to feed the animals that year 35. Rest crops help restore the field when they are grown by supplying nutrients through it’s growth and interaction with the soil; Example: clover

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38. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming Predominant type of farming in southeastern U.S. because of its long growing season, humid climate, and access to large urban markets (#36) Commonly referred to as truck farming from the Middle English word, truck, meaning “bartering” or “exchange of commodities.” Truck farms are highly efficient large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at all stages of the growing process.  Labor costs are kept down by hiring migrant farm workers.  Specialization in a few crops is common.  Has spread to New England where they specialize in producing and selling asparagus, mushrooms, peppers, and strawberries, which have recently increased in demand (#37)  Some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing.

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Dairy Farming It’s the most important type of commercial agriculture in the first ring outside the large cities because of transportation factors. Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied is known as the milkshed. (#38)  Advancements in modes of transportation have increased the radius of milksheds to 500 km. (300 mi.)  Milk products like cheese and butter are made in regions farther from consumers because they keep fresh longer and can be safely shipped (#39)  New Zealand is the largest producer of dairy products. (#40) Process –Dairy farmers typically sell their milk to wholesalers who later distribute it to retailers. –Retailers then sell it to consumers in shops or at home.

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Dairy Farming Currently, dairy farmers are facing a lack of profit and an excessive workload For example, the expense of feeding cows in the winter takes away from profit and tending to cows requires constant attention every day of the entire year.

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42. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Grain Farming Distinguished from mixed crop and livestock farming, because crops are grown primarily for human consumption. Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread. (#42)  Characteristics of a Typical Grain Farm –Heavily mechanized (machinery) –Large in areal extent –Oriented to consumer preferences  Significance of wheat (#43) –Can be sold for a higher price than other grains –Stores and travels easily –Can be used for many types of food –World’s leading export

43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Grain Farming Since wheat matures at different times of the year the workload for farmers can be distributed between 2 different seasons and machinery can be shared between 2 different fields. (#44) 3 regions of large-scale grain production in North America: 1.Winter wheat belt- Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma; planted in autumn, survives winter, and ripens in summer 2.Spring wheat belt- Dakotas, Montana, southern Canada; planted in spring, harvested in summer 3.Washington state (Palouse region) produces grain, but also legumes – a plant with seeds that grows in a pod (peas/beans/lentils); 80% of U.S. lentils grown here

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Mediterranean Agriculture 46. Every site practicing this form of agriculture borders a sea, and most are on west coasts of continents- Europe, North Africa, and West Asia border the Mediterranean, but California, Chile and western Australia also practice this type of agriculture  Prevailing sea winds provide moisture and moderate the winter temperatures. 47. Most crops are grown for human consumption rather than for animal feed. 48. Horticulture: the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, and tree crops form the commercial base. 49. Along the Mediterranean Sea, olives and grapes are two most important cash crops.  Approximately half of the land here is used to grow cereals.

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46. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Livestock Ranching 50. Ranching is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. 51. It is well suited for semiarid or arid land and is practiced in developed countries where vegetation is too sparse and soil too poor to support crops. 52. Historically, ranchers sought to move their cattle from Texas to Chicago, because the cattle were worth more money farther north. 53. Under the “Code of the West” ranchers had range rights, which allowed cattle to graze on any open land; in the 1880s the U.S. government began selling western land to farmers, which led to ranchers being required to buy their own land for their cattle to graze. 54. Today, ranching has become part of the meat-processing industry. 60% of cattle grazing takes place on land leased by the U.S. government.

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Where is Agriculture Distributed?  Livestock Ranching 55. Three U.S. and world stages of ranching  Stage 1: Herding of animals over open ranges (seminomadic style)  Stage 2: Open land divided into ranches, which was confined to drier land because farmers needed the fertile land for their crops.  Stage 3: Purpose for ranching becomes to supply the meat-processing industry, which is why today it is commercial, as opposed to the pastoral nomads, which still herd animals in LDCs.  Leading producers of meat include China, followed by the U.S., and Brazil in 3 rd.

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