1. Improving the capacity of processors to produce adequately iodized salt Rizwan Yusufali Senior Food Fortification Specialist World Food Programme Achieving Universal Salt Iodisation for Optimal Iodine Nutrition UNICEF, IGN, GAIN, MI EAP Regional Meeting 12-14 October, Bangkok

2. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok SALT IODIZATION Salt Iodization process entails the addition of iodine (KI or KIO 3 ) in salt. Objective is to disperse a very small quantity of KIO 3 (or KI) is relatively large quantity of salt as evenly as possible and to ensure that the iodine remains in the salt for a reasonable amount of time. 2 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION Iodine can be lost through leaching when the moisture content of salt is high Iodine can be lost through oxidation (I - ) or reduction (I + ) into I 2(g) which sublimes 1. DOSING2. MIXING 3. PREVENTION OF LOSSES = + I Salt ~1.5 MT of salt [approx. 100g KIO 3 ]

3. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok 3 PRINCIPLES OF IODIZATION EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION Salt KIO 3 soln. Steady flow of good quality salt Sufficient mixing to ensure homogeneity Potassium iodate solution of consistent concentration Appropriate packaging Enabling or supportive environment (legislation, enforcement, consumer awareness, political and financial support) Fortificant (KIO 3 or KI) Process QAQC SALT IODIZATION

4. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok SALT SUPPLY CHAIN & INTEGRATING IODIZATION Primary crude salt production (Crude Salt) Industrial Processing (Industrial Salt) Salt Processing (Washing, Crushing, Packaging) Household Salt Consumption Food Processing (Processed Food Salt) Processed foods Salt Processing (Washing, Crushing, Packaging) Household Salt Consumption Food Processing (Processed Food Salt) Processed foods TARGET FOR SALT IODIZATION

5. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok KIO 3 ACCESS 5 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

6. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok EXPERIENCES WITH KIO3 ACCESS Access to KIO 3 is essential to sustain salt iodization. Access is defined by availability of KIO 3 within reach and at affordable prices KIO 3 is produced in very few countries globally and therefore generally involves importation Main barriers or challenges Global price fluctuations and need for foreign exchange Import regulations and tariffs (generally favor importation of larger quantities) Transportation costs Specific challenges with small-scale salt production Distribution and proximity to salt processors Low volume requirements Storage and handling conditions 6 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

7. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok KIO 3 ACCESS MODELS Direct procurement by salt industry (mainly larger salt companies) Donations by donors and development agencies Seed funds to establish revolving funds with sliding reduction in subsidy Government collective procurement and distribution 7 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

8. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok LESSONS AND OPPORTUNITIES FROM KIO 3 DISTRIBUTION MODELS Lessons: -Subsidies are challenging to remove once established -Smaller packaging units (also improve affordability) -Under some circumstances, partial subsidy may be unavoidable Opportunities: -There is scope for taxes, duties and overall import regulations to be reduced and can contribute to making KIO 3 more accessible -Use of existing distribution mechanisms for other products and services to distribute KIO 3 have big potential - The volumes of KIO 3 will never be adequate to afford independent distribution mechanisms 8 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

9. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok PROCESS 9 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

10. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok SALT IODIZATION PROCESS Larger operations usually involve processing and quality improvement (crushing, washing, drying, packaging) - incorporation of iodization a lot easier The cost contribution of iodization is lower for larger industries and higher for smaller operators The remaining challenges with salt iodization are primary in the small and medium sector where there are a number of barriers to salt iodization: Low throughputs (contribution to the overall salt supply) High number of processors (regulatory control is difficult) Low technical capacity and incentive to iodize 10 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

11. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok 11 APPROPRIATE PROCESSING EQUIPMENT HOW MUCH DO WE MECHANIZE? Considerations: -Bulk handling and labor costs -Efficiency of overall process (productivity) -Turnover and capacity($) of unit to adopt technology and processes -Initial investment vs. maintenance and running costs -Availability of technical support and auxillary services/parts -Appropriate skills and utilization of local ingenuity and knowhow What to watch out for Study all cost components and ownership including who incurs the costs (paid by buyer or seller) Mechanization may improve homogeneity but if it requires additional handling it reduces productivity and that is the greater cost not cost of equipment and KIO 3 Higher variation can be absorbed within smaller throughputs Precision is determined by weakest link in the chain EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

12. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL 12 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

13. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok 13 INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION Vehicles (Food) National or Imported Vitamins Premix External Monitoring Processing, Fortification Factories or Packers Import of Fortified Food Commercial Monitoring at Retail Stores Processing Industry Governments QA / QC Landscape Internal QA / QC ActivitiesExternal QA / QC Activities

14. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok INTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL Objectives of internal QAQC (Salt Iodization)  Right amount of iodine (achieve impact and reduce wastage)  Day to day consistency  Homogeneity  Compliance with regulation 14 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION “Effective fortification is affordable, ineffective fortification is expensive ” QUALITY ASSURANCE All steps taken while making a product to ensure the desired product characteristics are achieved QUALITY CONTROL All steps taken after a product is manufactured to validate it meets the desired characteristics including corrective measures

15. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok 15 PRINCIPLES OF QAQC - IODIZATION EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION Record keeping -Production records -KIO 3 inventory and usage -Calibration -Salt flowrate -KIO 3 solution flowrate -Preventive maintenance -Laboratory results Measurement -Salt quality -Moisture -Laboratory analysis iodine Salt KIO 3 soln.

16. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok EXPERIENCES WITH QAQC CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT -Focusing on quality assurance and getting iodization right rather than relying on iodine measurement of processed salt has greater benefits -Maintaining records has advantages for manufacturers for their own control and also when confronted with disputes with regulatory agencies -Improved process control saves money and reduces wastage of resources for manufacturer 16 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

17. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok COST OF IODIZATION -Iodization is a low contributor to the overall price of salt even in the small scale sector and not a real cost barrier -Price difference between crude salt and iodized refined salt is not attributed to iodization -Paying attention to savings in other areas has a higher potential for cost recovery than iodization 17 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

18. 12-14 October 2015 Bangkok KEY MESSAGES 1.Understanding the salt supply chain is important to build sustainable iodization programs 2.Identifying incentives and addressing disincentives to iodization is crucial for sustainability 3.Different approaches and models will be needed to work with the small and medium scale salt sector 18 EAP Regional Workshop on ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL SALT IODISATION FOR OPTIMAL IODINE NUTRITION

19. Thank you! #Commit2USI