1. Social Reform Movements of the 1800’s

2. Social Reform: An organized attempt to improve wrong or unjust things in society (community). Why the 1800’s?  Political Shifts: New Democratic Spirit of America  Declaration of Independence was being quoted that “All men are created equal”  Evolving roles of Women  View of Social Classes changed with new middle and working classes Think- Pair- Share: Which of these changes do you believe contributed the most to the push for social reform in America? Rank them on your notes sheet!

3. New political ideals During the Jackson Era, more men could vote and take part in government than ever before. But some people said American society was not democratic enough, that a true democracy would not allow slavery or give women fewer rights than men.

4. The Protestants’ belief system During the colonial era, most American Protestants believed in predestination. According to the idea of predestination, God decided in advance which people would attain salvation after death. This belief led many people to worry that they could do nothing to be saved.

5. Religion = 2nd Great Awakening: 1800’s movement that stressed free will and salvation versus predestination. Said that people’s actions would determine what happened to them in life and in afterlife. Led By: Preachers at Church Revivals. Goal was to encourage people to change their morals and behaviors. Artifact 1- What group of people was this hymn targeting? What was the goal of the song?

6. To stir religious feelings, preachers held revivals, huge outdoor meetings that lasted for days and attracted thousands of people.

7. The First Great Awakening Preached emotional, evangelistic sermons, stressing faith over reason. 1730s- Jonathan Edwards Brought the Awakening to Massachusetts by preaching frightening sermons about hell. 1740s- George Whitefield of England made seven revival tours through the colonies, drawing crowds of 20,000 people

8. Results of the First Great Awakening Increased participation in ALL religions Democratized Protestantism by proclaiming salvation for all, not just those predestined Demand for more equality spiritually and politically Connected the 13 colonies for the 1 st time Created educational opportunities

9. What’s wrong in these pictures? Why was reform needed? The 8 th Amendment protected criminals from cruel and unusual punishment, yet the mentally ill and debtors were subjected to these conditions.

10. Major Social Reforms: Hospital and Prison Reform Led By Dorothea Dix. She worked hard to improve conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill. She visited jails and mental hospitals to witness cruelty firsthand. Results: 1.Stopped putting mentally ill in jail 2.Cruel punishments banned in jails 3.Stopped jailing debtors. 4.Separation of types of criminals (ex. Juveniles v. Adults; women v. men)

11. Major Social Reforms: Temperance Movement Against Alcohol Consumption (Buying and Drinking) Led By: Preachers and Women What major differences do you see in theses image? 1 2 34 Based on the image, what were some of the damages caused by alcohol abuse during the time?

12. Major Social Reforms: Temperance Pick a Point of View Read the quotes and view the images below. Select one of the following opinions you believe to be true. A: “The Temperance Movement was primarily the efforts of unhappy women who were trying to retaliate against a male dominated society and gain political power.” OR B: “The Temperance Movement was started to alleviate women of the many social problems caused by the over consumption of alcohol by men of the time.” Be able to provide 3 claims to support your decision.

13. Major Social Reforms: Education 1.Created “Normal Schools” to better prepare teachers 2.Pushed to extend the school year from 2 to at least 6 months 3.Proposed the idea of “public” school paid for by taxes 4.Advocated mandatory schooling for all children and that all be accepted. “In a Republic, ignorance is a crime.” Reform Leader: Horace Mann Other reforms sparked by Mann included schools for the disabled such as blind and deaf.

14. A & D Statements: Do you agree or disagree with Horace Man? “ A teacher who is attempting to teach without inspiring the student with a desire to learn is hammering on cold iron.” “ A house without books is like a room without windows. No man has the right to bring up his children without surrounding them with books.” “Let us not be content to wait and see what will happen, but give us the determination to make the right things happen.” “Education then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machine.”

15. Major Social Reforms: Abolition Abolitionist: reformers who wanted to end slavery completely in the United States. Included both black and white Americans. Early opposition to slavery was in the Middle colonies amongst the Quakers. Slavery was first outlawed in the North.

16. Key Abolitionist Frederick Douglass: Best know black abolitionist. Born a slave and himself to read. He ran away and moved North and started his own Anti- Slavery Newspaper called “North Star” William Lloyd Garrison: Outspoken white Abolitionist. He also had Anti- slavery paper called the “Liberator” Grimke Sisters: Daughters of rich southern planter Angelina and Sarah, hated slavery. They publicly spoke out against slavery. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMrWeKILvps

17. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote anti- slavery novel, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”. Her book was a best selling novel around the world. It exposed the lives of slaves, cruelty of slave owners, and challenged the Fugitive Slave Act. According to legend, Abraham Lincoln greeted Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1862 by saying "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war." Whether the story is true or not, the sentiment underscores the public connection between Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Civil War.

18. Underground Railroad Insert Video: Abolitionist and the Underground Railroad from Discovery Education (4 minutes long)

19. Major Social Reforms: Women's Rights & Suffrage Greatly tied to the Abolitionist movement and Temperance was the Woman’s Rights and Suffrage Movement. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott Sojourner Truth Together these suffragists held meetings, conventions, and gave speeches to advocate for women’s equality and rights.

20. Women were seeking equal Rights because they couldn’t vote, hold political office, or own private property. Seneca Falls Convention : The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York. 200 women and 40 men attended. The delegates at the meeting were arguing for women’s rights and equality in American Society. Here they wrote the Declaration of Sentiment, modeled after the Declaration of Independence.

21. Declaration of Sentiment Who do you think the “grievances” listed in the Declaration of Sentiment were addressed to? He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. He has withheld her from rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men—both natives and foreigners. Having deprived her of this first right as a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.

22. Results of the Women’s Rights Movement The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote (suffrage)!!!! Better wages and working conditions More job opportunities and education Active role in politics

23. “Ain’t I a Woman?” by Sojourner Truth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yq3AYiRT4no

24. Ain’t I a Woman Speech How are many of the reform movements connected? Which ones have similar themes? In what ways did the Women’s Rights advocated identify with the causes of the Abolitionist movements? Why do you think Sojourner Truth was such a powerful force in both movements? Many male abolitionist like Douglass and Garrison were also supporter of women’s rights. What motivations might these men have had to support women’s equality?