1. Adaptation & Evolution Notes

2. I. Background Vocabulary – 2/9/2012

3. I. Background Vocabulary  Fossil : the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism.

4. I. Background Vocabulary  Fossil : the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism. o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed overtime.

5. I. Background Vocabulary  Fossil : the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism. o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed overtime.  Species : a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves to produce fertile offspring.

6. I. Background Vocabulary  Fossil : the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism. o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed overtime.  Species : a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves to produce fertile offspring.  Competition : when organisms compete against each other for available resources.

7. I. Background Vocabulary  Fossil : the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism. o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed overtime.  Species : a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves to produce fertile offspring.  Competition : when organisms compete against each other for available resources.  Evolution : a change in inherited characteristics overtime leading to the formation of a new species.

8. I. Background Vocabulary  Fossil : the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism. o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed overtime.  Species : a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves to produce fertile offspring.  Competition : when organisms compete against each other for available resources.  Evolution : a change in inherited characteristics overtime leading to the formation of a new species.  Mutation : a mistake in DNA copying—can be helpful, harmful or have no effect.

9. I. Background Vocabulary  Fossil : the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism. o Fossils show evidence that organisms have changed overtime.  Species : a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce amongst themselves to produce fertile offspring.  Competition : when organisms compete against each other for available resources.  Evolution : a change in inherited characteristics overtime leading to the formation of a new species.  Mutation : a mistake in DNA copying—can be helpful, harmful or have no effect.

10. II. Early Ideas

11. a.Greek philosophers thought all species were fixed or unchanging.

12. II. Early Ideas a.Greek philosophers thought all species were fixed or unchanging. b. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck : Theory of Acquired Characteristics

13. II. Early Ideas a.Greek philosophers thought all species were fixed or unchanging. b. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck : Theory of Acquired Characteristics o Characteristics or traits developed over a parent’s lifetime are inherited by its offspring.

14. = II. Early Ideas a.Greek philosophers thought all species were fixed or unchanging. b. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck : Theory of Acquired Characteristics o Characteristics or traits developed over a parent’s lifetime are inherited by its offspring. o Example against Lamarck’s theory: large muscles built by exercise are NOT passed to offspring. X

15. II. Early Ideas c.Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection

16. II. Early Ideas c.Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882) – naturalist from England.

17. II. Early Ideas c.Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882) – naturalist from England. o 1831 – Traveled on the ship the HMS Beagle – went around the world as a naturalist.

18. II. Early Ideas c.Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882) – naturalist from England. o 1831 – Traveled on the ship the HMS Beagle – went around the world as a naturalist. Observations made on this trip caused him to wonder about where different species came from.

19. II. Early Ideas c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection o Over his lifetime, developed his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection and found evidence to support it.

20. II. Early Ideas c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection o Over his lifetime, developed his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection and found evidence to support it. o Organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

21. II. Early Ideas c. Charles Darwin: Theory of Natural Selection o Over his lifetime, developed his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection and found evidence to support it. o Organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Example: Darwin’s finches—finches with large beaks that are able to crack seeds are better suited to survive and reproduce on an island with a lot of seeds.

22. Did the 13 Galapagos species evolve from South American species?

23. Finches with beak shapes that allowed them to eat available food survived longer and produced more offspring than finches without those beak shapes.

24. III. Natural Selection

25. What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection?

26. III. Natural Selection What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection? 1.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.

27. III. Natural Selection What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection? 1.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2.Variations occur among individuals of a species.

28. III. Natural Selection What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection? 1.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2.Variations occur among individuals of a species. 3.Variations are passed on to offspring.

29. III. Natural Selection What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection? 1.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2.Variations occur among individuals of a species. 3.Variations are passed on to offspring. o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual different from members of its species.

30. III. Natural Selection What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection? 1.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2.Variations occur among individuals of a species. 3.Variations are passed on to offspring. o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual different from members of its species. 4.Some variations are helpful. Individuals with helpful variations survive and reproduce better.

31. III. Natural Selection What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection? 1.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2.Variations occur among individuals of a species. 3.Variations are passed on to offspring. o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual different from members of its species. 4.Some variations are helpful. Individuals with helpful variations survive and reproduce better. o Adaptation: any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment.

32. III. Natural Selection What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection? 1.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2.Variations occur among individuals of a species. 3.Variations are passed on to offspring. o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual different from members of its species. 4.Some variations are helpful. Individuals with helpful variations survive and reproduce better. o Adaptation: any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment. 5.Over time, the offspring of individuals with helpful variations make up more of a population

33. III. Natural Selection What are the 5 principles of Evolution by Natural Selection? 1.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 2.Variations occur among individuals of a species. 3.Variations are passed on to offspring. o Variation: an inherited trait that makes an individual different from members of its species. 4.Some variations are helpful. Individuals with helpful variations survive and reproduce better. o Adaptation: any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment. 5.Over time, the offspring of individuals with helpful variations make up more of a population Eventually the organisms in the population look and behave differently enough to be recognizes as a new species.

34. IV. Artificial Selection

35. Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding) : the process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits

36. IV. Artificial Selection Artificial Selection (Selective Breeding) : the process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits o Example: Breeding dogs for a speed, herding or attitude.

37. V. Clues about Evolution

38. o Homology: a similarity resulting from a common ancestor.

39. V. Clues about Evolution o Homology: a similarity resulting from a common ancestor. Homo = same

40. V. Clues about Evolution o Homology: a similarity resulting from a common ancestor. Homo = same a. Homologous Structures : Body parts that are similar in origin and structure—can be similar in function too.

41. V. Clues about Evolution o Homology: a similarity resulting from a common ancestor. Homo = same a. Homologous Structures : Body parts that are similar in origin and structure—can be similar in function too. o Example: Human arm, cat leg, whale flippers and bat wings all have the same bones.

42. V. Clues about Evolution b. Cellular Homology : similar DNA can suggest a common ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among organisms that have common ancestors.

43. V. Clues about Evolution b. Cellular Homology : similar DNA can suggest a common ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among organisms that have common ancestors. o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working properly, humans can inject insulin from other mammals such as cows or pigs.

44. V. Clues about Evolution b. Cellular Homology : similar DNA can suggest a common ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among organisms that have common ancestors. o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working properly, humans can inject insulin from other mammals such as cows or pigs. What percent of DNA do humans have in common with… Bananas% Fruit Flies% Mice% Other humans%

45. V. Clues about Evolution b. Cellular Homology : similar DNA can suggest a common ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among organisms that have common ancestors. o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working properly, humans can inject insulin from other mammals such as cows or pigs. What percent of DNA do humans have in common with… Bananas50% Fruit Flies% Mice% Other humans%

46. V. Clues about Evolution b. Cellular Homology : similar DNA can suggest a common ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among organisms that have common ancestors. o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working properly, humans can inject insulin from other mammals such as cows or pigs. What percent of DNA do humans have in common with… Bananas50% Fruit Flies60% Mice% Other humans%

47. V. Clues about Evolution b. Cellular Homology : similar DNA can suggest a common ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among organisms that have common ancestors. o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working properly, humans can inject insulin from other mammals such as cows or pigs. What percent of DNA do humans have in common with… Bananas50% Fruit Flies60% Mice85% Other humans%

48. V. Clues about Evolution b. Cellular Homology : similar DNA can suggest a common ancestor. Genes and proteins are shared among organisms that have common ancestors. o Example: Insulin is a protein created by the pancreas. If a human pancreas is not working properly, humans can inject insulin from other mammals such as cows or pigs. What percent of DNA do humans have in common with… Bananas50% Fruit Flies60% Mice85% Other humans99%

49. V. Clues about Evolution c. Vestigial Organs : a structure that no longer seems to have a function, but served an important function in the organism’s ancestors.

50. V. Clues about Evolution c. Vestigial Organs : a structure that no longer seems to have a function, but served an important function in the organism’s ancestors. o Example: Manatees, whales and snakes don’t have back legs, but still have pelvic bones.

51. V. Clues about Evolution d. Comparative Embryology : similarities in the embryos or developmental stages of organisms.

52. V. Clues about Evolution d. Comparative Embryology : similarities in the embryos or developmental stages of organisms. o Example: Fish, reptiles, birds and mammal embryos all have gill slits, but only fish develop gills, the rest develop lungs.