1. 1 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Skin has been called a membrane because it covers the body, but it is also an organ because it contains several kinds of tissues. Most studies call it a system because it has organs & other parts that work together for a particular function. Skin has been called a membrane because it covers the body, but it is also an organ because it contains several kinds of tissues. Most studies call it a system because it has organs & other parts that work together for a particular function.

2. 2 Layers of the Skin Epidermis-the outermost layer of the skin. Made of five to six smaller layers, but the two main layers are: Epidermis-the outermost layer of the skin. Made of five to six smaller layers, but the two main layers are: –Stratum Corneum- the outermost layer where cells constantly shed –Stratum germinativum- provides cells to replace cells in strata corneum Contains no blood vessels or nerve cells Contains no blood vessels or nerve cells

3. 3 Layers of the Skin Dermis- also called corium or true skin. Has a framework of elastic connective tissue & contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, involuntary muscle, sweat & oil glands, & hair follicles. Dermis- also called corium or true skin. Has a framework of elastic connective tissue & contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, involuntary muscle, sweat & oil glands, & hair follicles. The top of the dermis is covered with papillae that fit into ridges on the stratum germinativum of the epidermis. These ridges form lines or striations on the skin. The pattern of these ridges is unique for each individual. This pattern is used for fingerprints & footprints & form a method of identification. The top of the dermis is covered with papillae that fit into ridges on the stratum germinativum of the epidermis. These ridges form lines or striations on the skin. The pattern of these ridges is unique for each individual. This pattern is used for fingerprints & footprints & form a method of identification.

4. 4 Layers of the Skin Subcutaneous fascia or Hypodermis-the innermost layer of skin made of elastic & fibrous connective tissue & adipose (fatty) tissue. It connects skin to the underlying muscles. Subcutaneous fascia or Hypodermis-the innermost layer of skin made of elastic & fibrous connective tissue & adipose (fatty) tissue. It connects skin to the underlying muscles.

5. 5 Glands of the Skin Sudoriferous glands-Sweat glands. Coiled tubes that extend through the dermis and open on the surface of the skin at an opening called a pore. Excretes sweat or perspiration that contains water, salts, & some body wastes. Sudoriferous glands-Sweat glands. Coiled tubes that extend through the dermis and open on the surface of the skin at an opening called a pore. Excretes sweat or perspiration that contains water, salts, & some body wastes. Sebaceous glands-oil glands that usually open onto a hair follicle. They produce an oil called sebum which keeps hair from becoming dry & brittle. A blackhead or pimple occurs when an oil gland becomes plugged with dirt & oil. Sebaceous glands-oil glands that usually open onto a hair follicle. They produce an oil called sebum which keeps hair from becoming dry & brittle. A blackhead or pimple occurs when an oil gland becomes plugged with dirt & oil.

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7. 7 Other Parts of the Integ. System Hair-Consists of a root, that grows in a hollow tube called a follicle, & a hair shaft. Hair helps protect the body & covers all body surfaces except for the palms of the hands & the soles of the feet. Hair-Consists of a root, that grows in a hollow tube called a follicle, & a hair shaft. Hair helps protect the body & covers all body surfaces except for the palms of the hands & the soles of the feet. Alopecia (baldness)- Permanent loss of hair on the scalp. Genetic condition that is common in men, but can occur in women. Alopecia (baldness)- Permanent loss of hair on the scalp. Genetic condition that is common in men, but can occur in women.

8. 8 Other Parts of the Integ. System Nails-Made of dead keratinized epidermal epithelial cells, which are packed closely together to form a thick dense surface. These cells are formed in the nail bed & can be replaced if lost as long as the nailbed isn’t damaged. Nails protect the fingers & toes from injury. Nails-Made of dead keratinized epidermal epithelial cells, which are packed closely together to form a thick dense surface. These cells are formed in the nail bed & can be replaced if lost as long as the nailbed isn’t damaged. Nails protect the fingers & toes from injury.

9. 9 Functions of the Integ. System 1. Protection-Barrier from the suns UV rays, protects against invasion of pathogens, holds moisture in & prevents deeper tissues from drying out. 2. Sensory perception-The nerves present in the skin respond to pain, pressure, temperature (heat & cold), & touch sensations.

10. 10 Functions of Integ. System 3. Regulation of body temperature- Blood vessels in the skin help retain or lose heat. When the vessels dilate (get larger) it allows heat to escape through the skin. When the vessels constrict (get smaller) it helps our body retain heat. Sudoriferous glands also help cool the body through the evaporation of perspiration.

11. 11 Functions of Integ. System 4. Storage-The skin has tissues for temporary storage of fat, glucose (sugar), water, vitamins, & salts. It also stores adipose tissue in the subcutaneous fascia, which is a source of energy. 5. Absorption-Certain substances are absorbed through the skin, but this is a limited function. Certain medications are taken as transdermal meds. They are placed as sticky patches on the skin. E.g. Nicotine patches to stop smoking, motion sickness meds, heart meds, and some hormonal meds.

12. 12 Functions of Integ. System 6. Excretion-Helps the body eliminate salt, a minute amount of waste, & excess water through perspiration. 7. Production-The skin combines UV rays from the sun with skin compounds to help form Vitamin D.

13. 13 Skin Color Pigmentation-Skin color is inherited & determined by pigments in the epidermis. Pigmentation-Skin color is inherited & determined by pigments in the epidermis. Melanin-a brownish black pigment that leads to a black, brown or yellow skin tint depending on racial origin. It absorbs UV light to tan the skin. Freckles are small concentrated areas of melanin. Melanin-a brownish black pigment that leads to a black, brown or yellow skin tint depending on racial origin. It absorbs UV light to tan the skin. Freckles are small concentrated areas of melanin. Carotene- a yellowish-red pigment also helps determine skin color. Carotene- a yellowish-red pigment also helps determine skin color.

14. 14 Skin Color Abnormalities Albino- a person with an absence of color pigments. The skin has a pinkish tint, & the hair is white or pale yellow. The eyes also lack pigment and will be red in color & very sensitive to light. Albino- a person with an absence of color pigments. The skin has a pinkish tint, & the hair is white or pale yellow. The eyes also lack pigment and will be red in color & very sensitive to light. Abnormal colors of the skin can indicate disease: Abnormal colors of the skin can indicate disease:

15. 15 Erythema Erythema Reddish color of the skin that can be caused by either burns, or a congestion of blood in the vessels. Reddish color of the skin that can be caused by either burns, or a congestion of blood in the vessels.

16. 16 –Jaundice-a yellow discoloration of the skin. Can indicate the presence of bile in the blood resulting from liver or gallbladder disease. Also can occur in conjunction with diseases that cause destruction of red blood cells.

17. 17 –Cyanosis-Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by insufficient oxygen. Associated with heart, lung, & circulatory diseases/disorders. (Chronic poisoning may cause a gray or brown skin discoloration.)

18. 18 Skin eruptions can also indicate disease. Skin eruptions can also indicate disease. Macules (macular rash) flat spots on the skin. Freckles are another example

19. 19 Vesicles Vesicles Blisters, or fluid filled sacs such as those seen in chickenpox Blisters, or fluid filled sacs such as those seen in chickenpox

20. 20 Papules- (papular rash)-firm raised areas such as pimples & the eruptions seen in some stages of chickenpox& syphilis. Papules- (papular rash)-firm raised areas such as pimples & the eruptions seen in some stages of chickenpox& syphilis.

21. 21 Pustules Pustules Pus-filled sacs such as those seen in acne or pimples. Pus-filled sacs such as those seen in acne or pimples.

22. 22 Crusts Crusts Areas of dried pus & blood commonly called scabs Areas of dried pus & blood commonly called scabs

23. 23 Wheals Wheals Itchy, elevated areas with an irregular shape; Hives and insect bites are an example

24. 24 Ulcer A deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may cause periodic bleeding & the formation of scars A deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may cause periodic bleeding & the formation of scars

25. 25 Diseases/abnormal Conditions Acne Vulgaris-inflammation of the sebaceous glands. Usually occurs at adolescence. Cause: unknown, but hormonal changes & increased secretion of sebum are likely underlying causes. Occurs when hair follicles become blocked with dirt, cosmetics, excess oil, &/or bacteria. Symptoms: papules, pustules, & blackheads. Treatment: frequent, thorough skin washing; avoiding creams & heavy makeup; antibiotics & vitamin A ointments; oral antibiotics; & UV light treatments. Acne Vulgaris-inflammation of the sebaceous glands. Usually occurs at adolescence. Cause: unknown, but hormonal changes & increased secretion of sebum are likely underlying causes. Occurs when hair follicles become blocked with dirt, cosmetics, excess oil, &/or bacteria. Symptoms: papules, pustules, & blackheads. Treatment: frequent, thorough skin washing; avoiding creams & heavy makeup; antibiotics & vitamin A ointments; oral antibiotics; & UV light treatments.

26. 26 Athlete’s foot-contagious fungal infection that usually affects the feet. Skin itches, blisters & cracks into open sores. Treatment: antifungal meds & keep feet clean & dry. Athlete’s foot-contagious fungal infection that usually affects the feet. Skin itches, blisters & cracks into open sores. Treatment: antifungal meds & keep feet clean & dry.

27. 27 Cancer of the Skin-occurs in different forms. Frequently develops from a mole or nevus that changes color, shape, size, or texture. Bleeding or itching of a mole can also indicate cancer. Exposure to the sun, prolonged use of tanning beds, irritating chemicals, & radiation are the usual causes of skin CA. Treatment: surgical removal of the cancer &/or radiation. Types include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, & malignant melanoma. Cancer of the Skin-occurs in different forms. Frequently develops from a mole or nevus that changes color, shape, size, or texture. Bleeding or itching of a mole can also indicate cancer. Exposure to the sun, prolonged use of tanning beds, irritating chemicals, & radiation are the usual causes of skin CA. Treatment: surgical removal of the cancer &/or radiation. Types include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, & malignant melanoma.

28. 28 Dermatitis-inflammation of the skin. Can be caused by any substance that irritates the skin. Frequently an allergic reaction to detergents, cosmetics, pollen, or certain foods. Example of contact dermatitis is poison oak, sumac, or ivy. Symptoms: dry skin, erythema, itching, edema, macular-papular rashes, & scaling. Treatment: eliminate cause, anti-inflammatory ointments, antihistamines, &/or steroids. Dermatitis-inflammation of the skin. Can be caused by any substance that irritates the skin. Frequently an allergic reaction to detergents, cosmetics, pollen, or certain foods. Example of contact dermatitis is poison oak, sumac, or ivy. Symptoms: dry skin, erythema, itching, edema, macular-papular rashes, & scaling. Treatment: eliminate cause, anti-inflammatory ointments, antihistamines, &/or steroids.

29. 29 Eczema-noncontagious, inflammatory skin disorder caused by an allergen or irritant. Diet, cosmetics,soaps, meds, & emotional stress can all be causes. Symptoms: erythema, edema, itching, vesicles, crusts, & scaling. Treatment: remove irritant, corticosteroids to reduce inflammatory response Eczema-noncontagious, inflammatory skin disorder caused by an allergen or irritant. Diet, cosmetics,soaps, meds, & emotional stress can all be causes. Symptoms: erythema, edema, itching, vesicles, crusts, & scaling. Treatment: remove irritant, corticosteroids to reduce inflammatory response

30. 30 Impetigo-highly contagious skin infection usually caused by staphlococci organisms. Symptoms: erythema, oozing vesicles, pustules, & the formation of a yellow crust. Treatment: wash lesions with soap & water & keep dry; antibiotics (both oral and topical) Impetigo-highly contagious skin infection usually caused by staphlococci organisms. Symptoms: erythema, oozing vesicles, pustules, & the formation of a yellow crust. Treatment: wash lesions with soap & water & keep dry; antibiotics (both oral and topical)

31. 31 Psoriasis-chronic noncontagious inherited skin disease. Symptoms: thick red areas covered with white or silver scales. Treatment: coal/tar ointments, cortisone ointment, UV light, scale removal. No cure. Psoriasis-chronic noncontagious inherited skin disease. Symptoms: thick red areas covered with white or silver scales. Treatment: coal/tar ointments, cortisone ointment, UV light, scale removal. No cure.

32. 32 Ringworm Ringworm Highly contagious, fungus infection of the skin or scalp. Symptoms: Formation of a flat or raised circular area with a clear central area surrounded by an itchy, scaly, or crusty outer ring. Treatment: oral & topical antifungals. Highly contagious, fungus infection of the skin or scalp. Symptoms: Formation of a flat or raised circular area with a clear central area surrounded by an itchy, scaly, or crusty outer ring. Treatment: oral & topical antifungals.

33. 33 Verrucae Verrucae WARTS!-caused by a viral infection of the skin. Symptoms: rough, hard, elevated, rounded surface forms on skin. Treatment: some disappear spontaneously, others must be removed by electricity, liquid nitrogen, acid, chemicals, or laser. WARTS!-caused by a viral infection of the skin. Symptoms: rough, hard, elevated, rounded surface forms on skin. Treatment: some disappear spontaneously, others must be removed by electricity, liquid nitrogen, acid, chemicals, or laser.