1. What did it take for subjugated peoples to achieve independence from Europe in the 20th century? Motives? Leaders? Methods?

2. subjugated bring under complete control; conquer; master. “sub” = under + “jugum” = yoke

3. What did it take for subjugated peoples to achieve independence from Europe in the 20 th century?

6. LEADER: Mohandas Ghandi METHODS: civil disobedience passive resistance “Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man.” “I have nothing new to teach the world. Truth and non-violence are as old as the hills. All I have done is to try experiments in both on as vast a scale as I could.”--Mahatma Gandhi

7. Letter from Gandhi to the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, 2 March 1930....Before embarking on Civil Disobedience and taking the risk I have dreaded to take all three years, I would again approach you and find a way out. My personal faith is absolutely clear. I cannot intentionally hurt anything that lives, much less fellow human beings, even though they may do the greatest wrong to me and mine. Whilst, therefore, I hold the British rule to be a curse, I do not intend harm to a single Englishman or to any legitimate interest he may have in India......And why do I regard the British rule as a curse? It has impoverished the dumb millions by a system of progressive exploitation and by a ruinously expensive military and civil administration which the country can never afford. It has reduced us politically to serfdom. It has sapped the foundations of our culture......Unless those who work in the name of the nation understand and keep before all concerned, the motive that lies behind the craving for Independence, there is every danger of Independence itself coming to us so charged as to be of no value to those toiling voiceless millions for whom it is sought and for whom it is worth taking......I know that in embarking on non-violence I shall be running what might fairly be termed a mad risk. But the victories of truth have never been won without risks, often of the gravest character. Conversion of a nation that has consciously or unconsciously preyed upon another, far more numerous, far more ancient and no less cultured than itself, is worth any amount of risk. I have deliberately used the word conversion. For my ambition is no less than to convert the British people, through non-violence, and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India...

10. Evolution of the Indian independence movement British rule in India Indian National Congress Leadership of Mohandas Gandhi Role of civil disobedience and passive resistance Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines Pakistan/India Republic of India – World’s largest democratic nation – Federal system, giving many powers to the states

11. Indian democracy Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization. 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination. Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation. New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation.

12. What did it take for subjugated peoples to achieve independence from Europe in the 20 th century?

15. What motivated independence movements in Africa after WWII? QUICK QUOTES HANDOUT

16. The independence movement in Africa Right to self-determination (U.N. charter) Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II Pride in African cultures and heritage Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal; influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War

17. Algeria —War for Independence from France West Africa —Peaceful transition Kenya (Britain)—Violent struggle under leadership of Kenyatta South Africa —Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid

18. South Africa: Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black president of the Republic of South Africa Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of Jomo Kenyatta

19. What did it take for subjugated peoples to achieve independence from Europe in the 20 th century?

21. Fr ance and Great Britain became mandatory powers in the Middle East: France – Syria & Lebanon Britain – Jordan & Palestine Mandates in the Middle East Established by the League of Nations Granted independence after World War II Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious difference The Mandate System

22. The British coming to Palestine in 1917 Gather Evidence How would you describe the scene and the people? Interpret Evidence Where might this be? What do you think is happening in this scene? Be prepared to support your answer with three pieces of evidence. Make Hypotheses How do you think these people were feeling at this time and place.

23. The Balfour Declaration Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. “His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.” I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour

24. Part of Palestine became the independent State of Israel

26. Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel (1969-74) After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War (1973) Sought support of United States

27. Gamal Abdul Nasser President of Egypt (1958-70) Nationalized Suez Canal Established relationship with Soviet Union Built Aswan High Dam

28. Independence Movements Illustrated Timeline Directions: 1.Choose one of the regions for which we studied independence movements: India Africa Middle East 2.Create a timeline on at least 2 sheets of paper, running up and down the pages. 3.Label each of the timeframes & events on your timeline that was included in your class handout for that region.

29. Civil Rights Timeline Directions: 3. For each event, write a brief summary. This must include the motives, methods and leaders involved and what changes resulted. 4. For 2 of the events, include a sketch or cartoon that illustrates what happened at the time. Be sure to write a caption for this image. 5. For two of the events, include a quotation from a primary source. Be sure to cite the source.