1. Neolithic Age Switched from nomad wanderers Discovered Farming Developed Civilizations

2. Ancient Greece Many mountains = not united city states Sparta: military Athens: Democracy Alexander the Great: spread Hellenstic culture

3. Rome Pax Romana: Roman Peace Built roads = trade Twelve Tables of Rome: Written laws

4. India Maurya Dynasty: Wrote laws, kind treatment of people Gupta Dynasty: Golden Age, invention of zero Caste System: social classes

5. China Qin Dynasty: Legalism (humans are evil and harsh punishments needed) Han Dynasty: Trade, Government jobs given to skilled people

6. Silk Road Long trade route Led to CULTURAL DIFFUSION: exchange of ideas

7. Hinduism Reincarnation Karma Caste System

8. Buddhism Reincarnation & Karma Goal is Nirvana: stops the cycle of death and rebirth Four Noble Truths: suffering is caused by selfish desires Eightfold Path: Code of behavior which helps end suffering

9. Byzantine Empire Constantinople: Capital location good for trade Justinian Code: written system of laws Preserved Greek & Roman Culture Was a major influence on Russia

10. Middle Ages Feudalism: kings gave away land to nobles in return for military service Manorialism: self sufficient land owned by nobles, decrease in trade

11. Early Japanese History Long and irregular coastlines with mountains Terrace Farming: Dug flat areas into sides of mountains for farming

12. Africa Bantu Migrations: one of the largest migrations due to land shortage. Diverse geographic features (deserts, grasslands, rainforests) & diverse cultures

13. West African Civilizations Ghana, Mali, Songhai Mansa Musa: Famous ruler of Mali who spread Islam Located near Trans-Saharan trade routes & part of Gold-Salt trade

14. Mongols Migrated frequently Genghis Khan: killed military leader who created the LARGEST EMPIRE Marco Polo: Italian trade who visited China and wrote his experiences Trade between Asia & Europe increased Mongols conquered Russia and kept them isolated & had a centralized government with one ruler Created tribute system: conquered people had to pay money to Mongols

15. Black Death Bubonic Plague Disease spread through trade routes Trade decreased Feudalism decreased: looked for better opportunities

16. Renaissance Started in Italy: Golden Age Humanism: focus on humans and life on earth Niccolo Machiavelli: Wrote The Prince – guide for government leaders on how to gain power

17. Protestant Reformation Challenged the Catholic Church and led to division of Christianity Martin Luther: Wrote 95 Thesis or arguments against indulgences John Calvin: Idea that God knows who will be saved or punished Henry VIII: separated from Catholic Church because he wanted a divorce

18. Age of Exploration Navigation technology improved Encomienda System: Native Americans forced to work for Spanish farms Middle Passage: Voyage from Africa to Americas Mercantilism: colonies exist to make Mother country wealthy Triangular Trade: Europeans traveled to Africa to get slaves Columbian Exchange: exchange of goods between Europe & the Americas

19. Age of Absolutism Nations ruled by monarchs Divine right & centralized political control Monarchs *Peter the Great *Louis XIV Philip II Henry VIII*Suleiman the Magnificent Russia France Spain England Ottoman Empire *Expanded their territory

20. Scientific Revolution Logic & Reason – no longer relied just on the Bible Challenged the Catholic Church

21. Enlightenment Reason, Thought & Power of the Individual Democracy Spread of new ideas John Locke: natural rights Montesquieu: separation of powers Voltaire: freedom of speech and religion Effects: caused political revolutions

22. English/Glorious Revolution People of England successfully limited the power of the monarchy (king) Absolute Monarchy  Limited Monarchy Laws that limited king’s power: Magna Carta, Petition of Right, Bill of Rights, Habeas Corpus

23. French Revolution Overthrow of their king Louis XVI and fought for more rights Third Estate: angry for having few rights Inspired by Enlightenment Declaration of the Rights of Man: document giving equal rights to people Reign of Terror: Executed those who were loyal to the king Napoleon: Ruler at the end of the revolution, defeated when trying to invade Russia during winter

24. Latin American Revolution Fought to gain independence Governments controlled by Peninsulares (people born in Spain & Portugal) Inspired by Enlightenment Leaders who helped gain independence: Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo, Toussaint L’Ouverture

25. Industrial Revolution Factories, Working Conditions, Living Conditions Started in Great Britain: had natural resources and geography Effects: Urbanization (growth of cities), formation of labor unions, minimum wage Laissez Faire: Government is “hands off”, businesses owned by individuals Karl Marx: Believed Laissez Faire was bad because factory owners could take advantage of workers Marx ideas became the foundation of Communism

26. Imperialism Definition: When a strong country takes over a weaker one Causes/Reasons: Countries wanted natural resources Wanted to teach their religion and customs Social Darwinism: It was natural for strong countries to take over

27. Effects of Imperialism Africa: Ruled by European Countries China: Ruled by Britain and fought back with Opium war & Boxer Rebellion to gain independence India: Ruled by Britain fought back with Sepoy Mutiny to gain independence

28. World War 1 Causes: M ilitarism: built up armies A lliances divided into 2 groups I mperialism competition for lands in Africa & Asia N ationalism Treaty of Versailles: Treaty that ended that war and punished Germany causing WWII Effects: Countries were broken apart and formed new countries Women gained right to vote (suffrage) because they helped out in the war

29. Russian Revolution Overthrow of Czar (king) Causes: Czar Nicholas II abused his power by denying rights of people & suffered casualties and food shortage from WW1 Bolskeviks: Radial (extreme) group who led by Lenin, promising “Peace, Land and Bread” and eventual came to power Became a communist country