2. Marine Invertebrates Part 1 – Less Complex Sponges to Worms

3. Introduction More than 95% of the Earth’s animal species and about 95% of animal mass, are invertebrates. This group of animals is VERY diverse, spectacular and abundant.

4. Phylum Porifera Essential Questions –How do sponges filter water? –What are the five types of cells that make up a sponge’s body? –How do sponges make their skeletons? –What are the basic forms of sponge bodies? Porifera – the sponges - a combination of the Greek “poros”, meaning “pore” and the Latin “ferre”, meaning “to bear.” Key Vocabulary Ostia Oscula Pinacocytes Collagen Choanocytes Amoebocytes Spongin Spicules

5. Phylum Porifera - Sponges - Filters of the Sea

6. Characteristics of Sponges Sponges: –Are in the phylum Porifera; among the most ancient animals living today. –Aren’t very animal-like; don’t have eyes, doesn’t move. –Simple body plan (no mouth, no gut, no specialized tissues or organ systems) –Don’t have true tissues. –All are heterotophic filter feeders. –Have structural organization and different cell types. –Live in the ocean and some in freshwater. –5,000 species of all sizes, some up to 16 feet across.

7. How Do Sponges Filter Water? Sponges are filter feeders. This means that they take water in through a series of canals into their central cavity where food is removed from the water. Sponges have two different types of pores around their body. –The first are the smaller pores known as the ostia. These are the incurrent pores.

8. How Do Sponges Filter Water? –The second pore is larger and is known as the oscula. This is the excurrent pore.

9. How Do Sponges Filter Water? –The path of water through a sponge.

10. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Cells Sponges have several different types of cells which make up their bodies.

11. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Cells The epidermis or “skin” of the sponge is made of cells which can synthesize collagen, known as pinacocytes. These cells form a thin, elastic layer that keeps the water out. Collagen is the main structural protein of connective tissue in animals. It means “glue-producing”. Gelatin is hydrolyzed collagen.

12. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Cells Between the pinacocytes are the porocytes. These cells work with myocytes (little muscular cells that open and close the porocytes) to let the water into the canals.

13. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Cells –The canals throughout the sponge are lined with cells called choanocytes or collar cells. These collar cells have a flagellum for helping the water move through the canals and a collar for trapping food particles ingested by the cell body. The are also responsible for keeping the water flowing through the sponge at all times.

14. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Cells Another type of sponge cell is the amoebocyte. –Amoebocytes function as a mobile “stomachs,” bringing food throughout the sponge. They are also responsible for building part of the sponge’s skeleton (produce spicules), acting as immune response cells, replacing missing cells, and sometimes becoming egg cells.

15. Sponge Anatomy: How Do Sponges Make Their Skeletons? A sponges skeleton is made of two different materials, spongin and spicules. –Spongin is the softer, porous material that we usually associate with sponges. This is the substance used to make our everyday sponges.

16. Sponge Anatomy: How Do Sponges Make Their Skeletons? The other material which makes up the skeletons of sponges are spicules. –Spicules are thin and spiny shards of either calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). –The spicules are made by the amoebocytes and come in many different shapes and sizes. They interlock to form beautiful and delicate skeletons. Spicules can actually be used to identify different species of sponge.

17. Sponge Anatomy: How Do Sponges Make Their Skeletons? –Examples of different kinds of spicules.

18. Sponge Anatomy: How Do Sponges Make Their Skeletons? –A great example of the complexity of spicules in a glass sponge, common name Venus’s Flower Basket.

19. DO NOT TOUCH THIS SPONGE!!! –Why would touching this sponge (Tedania ignis) be a bad idea?

20. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Shapes General sponge shapes. –Ball sponges.

21. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Shapes General sponge shapes. –Vase sponges.

22. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Shapes General sponge shapes. –Barrel sponges.

23. Sponge Anatomy: Sponge Shapes General sponge shapes. –Tube sponges.

24. Special Attributes of Sponges Most sponges are tough and fibrous with needlelike spicules throughout their tissue. Spicules provide structural support and can be made of a glass-like or calcium material. Some sponges use tough, elastic, protein fibers for support. Many produce toxic defense chemicals - these chemicals have potential as drugs against human diseases. Sponge regeneration: –After being torn apart, remaining pieces in contact may grow together. –Isolated pieces can regenerate into entirely new sponges.

25. Corals, Anemones, Sea Fans, and Jellyfish - Aquatic Stinging Nettles

26. Phylum Cnidaria Essential Questions –What is the basic anatomy of all Cnidarians? –What are the life stages of Cnidarians? –What are the animals included in the Phylum Cnidaria? –What are the basic forms of sponge bodies? Cnidaria – Key Vocabulary Radial symmetry Medusae Polyp Nematocyst Mesoglea Zooxanthellae Coral bleaching

27. Phylum Cnidaria

28. 4 Important Features –Hollow gut (digestive system) –First animals to move (nervous system) –Radial symmetry –Nematocysts Cnidarians are very simple organisms. –They can basically be described as a cup or bag- like body made of two layers of cells, with tentacles around the rim. –They have a mouth that opens into the gastro-vascular cavity (a hollow gut in the middle of their body used for digestion/reproduction).

29. Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria Cnidarians have two different body forms (life stages) which organisms can take. Some organisms even switch between the two at different stages in their life cycle! –Colonial organisms are called polyps. These animals are sessile and include coral, anemone, and the first life stage of some jellyfish. –Individuals that are free-floating are called medusa. These animals like and upside down polyp that is adapted for floating through the water column. They include jellyfish and the first life stage of most coral.

30. A typical cnidarian medusa

31. A typical cnidarian polyp

32. Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria Characteristics of the Phylum Cnidaria include… They have radial symmetry – symmetry around a central point. They are structurally uncomplicated, with a simple nervous system, muscle nets, and light receptors. Although structurally simple, scientists believe that the nervous system of cnidarians was the first to have evolved on Earth. Because of this cnidarians are believed to be the first animals to have moved. All share the ability to defend themselves with nematocysts or stinging cells.

33. Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria Anatomical characteristics include: –They are radially symmetrical – symmetry around a central point. –They have a cup (polyp) or umbrella-shaped (medusa) body made of two layers of cells. Polyp - Attached Anemones and Corals Medusa - Free-Floating Jellyfish

34. Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria Anatomical characteristics include: –Polyps can be solitary or colonial; medusa are free-floating –Mesoglea (jelly-like) separates the two tissue layers. –Tentacles line the rim of the polyp and medusa with a mouth-like opening in the middle.

35. Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria Anatomical characteristics include: –They have a mouth that opens into the gastro- vascular cavity (a space in the middle of their body used for digestion/reproduction). –They are structurally uncomplicated, with simple nerve net, muscle cells, and light receptors. –All share the ability to defend themselves with nematocysts. These stinging structures are composed of special cells called cnidocytes.

36. Nematocysts All cnidarians have tentacles which are lined with stinging cells called nematocysts. (Although not all of them can sting a human.) –Cnidarians use their tentacles to ensnare their prey, inject a paralyzing (or sometimes fatal) venom and then bring the food item into their mouth for digestion. –The development of this way of feeding is probably the reason for the development of the cnidarians primitive nerve net. The ability to move allowed cnidarians to be the very first “active hunters” on the planet.

37. Nematocysts Nematocysts consist of a triggering mechanism and a coiled “harpoon” used to inject the venom. –When the nematocyst is activated the harpoon is discharged from the cell in about 700 nanoseconds! This is one of the fasted movements on the face of the planet! Visual evidence of the process was not even documented until 2006, the first year that cameras fast enough to detect discharge were available!

38. What animals are in the Phylum Cnidaria? Phylum Cnidaria includes soft and hard corals, sea anemones, hydroids, sea fans, jelly fish, and siphonophores.

39. Sea Fans…

40. Coral…

41. Anemone…

42. Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones The largest class in phylum Cnidaria is class Anthozoa, the corals and anemones. Over 6,000 species. –Members of this class are polyps that attach to the reef or other substrate. –Most coral and gorgonians (soft coral) are colonial, while anemones are individual organisms. Stalked Anemone Elkhorn Coral Soft Coral

43. Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones Hard coral are the most ecologically significant thanks to the massive calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) reefs they build. –Coral colonies can grow for centuries and become so large that they shape coastlines and build entire islands. –Zooxanthellae live in the tissues of most species of hard coral, providing it food and helping eliminate waste through photosynthesis. Plate Coral

44. Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones Zooxanthellae corals: –Live best in well-lit, clear water. –Actually thrive in low-nutrient, less productive areas. –Are sensitive to runoffs, fertilizers, etc. that can cause damage. –Become colorless when stressed. This is called coral bleaching – a sign of a diseased and dying colony. Coral Bleaching

45. Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones Soft coral and sea fans grow into tree-like structures built on protein skeletons. They are not reef builders. Diver and Sea Fan Soft Coral

46. Special Attributes of Coral and Anemones Anemones have a mutualistic relationship with various species of anemonefish. –The fish receive protection by living in the anemone and the anemone receives food from the fish.

48. Jellyfish…

49. Special Attributes of Jellyfish Not all jellyfish are closely related –Jellyfish are members of class Scyphozoa. Range in size from smaller than a coin to more than 1 meter (3.28 feet) across with tentacles more than 3 meters (9.8 feet) long. Are large planktonic organisms that swim, but also drift with the current. Are weak swimmers that move by contracting and pulsating their rounded body, or bell. –Box jellyfish are members of class Cubozoa.

50. Special Attributes of Jellyfish Jellyfish: –Feed on almost anything they catch with their tentacles. –Some species have very short tentacles and very mild stings, making them more of an annoyance than a threat to swimmers. Others have long tentacles and can sting severely. –Are eaten by some species of fish. –Box jellyfish have a very potent toxin and can kill adult humans. Box Jellyfish Box Jellyfish Stings

51. Special Attributes of Jellyfish Typical Jellyfish Lifecycle

52. Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –Moon jelly.

53. Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –Cassiopeia, the up-side down jellyfish.

54. Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –Cannonball jellyfish.

55. Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –Blue Jellyfish.

56. Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –Mushroom cap jellyfish.

57. Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –Purple jellyfish.

58. Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –NEW SPECIES “Big Red”.

59. Dangerous Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –Lion’s mane jellyfish.

60. Dangerous Jellyfish Different types of jellyfish. –Sea nettle.

61. Dangerous Jellyfish The Box jellyfish. –The term box jellyfish refers to many different types of species. However, all box jellyfish are considered extremely hazardous. Some even consider them the most toxic organism on the planet!

62. Dangerous Jellyfish The Box jellyfish.

63. Dangerous Jellyfish The Box jellyfish.

64. Dangerous Jellyfish The Box jellyfish.

65. Dangerous Jellyfish The Box jellyfish stings.

66. Dangerous Jellyfish The Box jellyfish stings.

67. Dangerous Jellyfish The Irukandji.

68. Dangerous Jellyfish The Irukandji.

69. Comb Jellies - Gelatinous Carnivores

70. Special Attributes of Comb Jellies Comb jellyfish appear to be jellyfish, but are members of phylum Ctenophora. They differ from true jellyfish by … –Ctenophores lack bag-like cnidarian body shape and stinging cells. –All are marine, living in many environments. –Have “comb rows” of cilia on bodies for movement. –Most are small - only a few millimeters or centimeters long. –Nearly colorless.

71. Special Attributes of Comb Jellies Exhibit rainbow colored light produced by cilia. Have organized tissues but lack true organs. Has a nerve net and reproduces sexually. Are carnivorous - eating small plankton.

72. and Hydroids.

73. Fire corals…

74. Siphonophores…

75. Special Attributes of Fire Corals and Siphonophores Fire coral: –Belong in the class Hydrozoa. –Colonial organism, looking much like hard corals. –Different from hard corals - forming more complex colonies and having complex lifecycles. –Lifecycle alternates between polyp and medusa. –Most species can sting humans - stings can be serious, hence their name. Tentacles with Nematocysts

76. Special Attributes of Fire Corals and Siphonophores Siphonophores: –Belong in the class Hydrozoa. –Exist as planktonic colonies, yet within the colonies are specialized polyps adapted to feeding, reproduction, movement and other functions. –Can exceed 40 meters (131 feet) in length. –Can have powerful stings. –Are major predators. –Are a bridge between colonial animals and complex organisms. Diver with Planktonic Siphonophore

77. Special Attributes of Fire Corals and Siphonophores The Portuguese Man-of-War is a siphonophore with a specialized buoyancy chamber to help it remain at the surface and tentacles underwater to catch prey. Float Tentacles with stinging, feeding, reproductive polyps

78. Special Attributes of Fire Coral and Siphonophores The Portuguese man-of-war (also commonly referred to as the “blue bottle”) is one of the most painful and dangerous stings of any cnidarian. While not usually fatal, it can be extremely painful and leave permanent scarring.

79. Special Attributes of Fire Coral and Siphonophores The results of a Portuguese man-of-war sting.

80. Simple Marine Worms - Flat, Ribbon-Like and Round

81. Phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Nematoda Essential Questions –What characterizes members of phylum Platyhelmenthes? –What characterizes members of phylum Nemertea? –What characterizes members of phylum Nematoda? Platyhelmenthes – from the Greek “platy”, meaning “flat” and “helminth-”, meaning “worm.” Nemertea – from the Greek sea nymph Nemertes, one of the daughters of Nereus and Doris. Nematoda – from Latin “nemat-”, meaning “thread” from the Greek “nema.” Key Vocabulary Bilateral symmetry

82. Characteristics of Simple Worms Of the 32 main animal phya, 22 could be considered worms of various types. The worm body shape is highly adaptable. Scientists think the evolution of a wormlike body plan was the “blueprint” from which all complex body plans were derived. Worm anatomy makes up all the basics of a complex animal with organs. Complex Worms Simple Worm

83. Characteristics of Simple Worms

84. Phylum Platyhelmenthes Flat worms. –Among the simplest animals. –They have a flattened tube of muscle, simple digestive system, a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus. –Most species in this phylum are parasites – including tapeworms and flukes (cause schistosomiasis and acquired epilepsy in humans). –Includes species of brightly colored tropical reef worms.

85. Characteristics of Simple Worms Phylum Platyhelminthes Flat Worm Physiology

86. Characteristics of Platyhelmenthes Cnidarians and Ctenophores Platyhelmenthes Bilateral symmetryNoYes Number of main cell layersTwo, with jelly-like layer between them Three Distinct brainNoYes Specialized digestive systemNoYes Specialized excretory systemNoYes Body cavity containing internal organs No Specialized circulatory and respiratory organs No

87. Phylum Nemertea Phylum Nemertea (“ribbon worms”) –Most are marine animals that burrow in sediments or lurk in crevices between shells, stones or the holdfasts of algae or sessile animals –Most are carnivores, feeding on annelids, clams and crustaceans – others are scavengers – some are commensal with clams – others are parasites –Skins secrete toxins that deter predators

88. Characteristics of Nemertea Slightly more complex than flat worms. –They have a simple blood vascular system, one-way digestive system, separate mouth, and anus. –Most are less than 20 cm. long, but Lineus longissimus (aka “bootlace worm”), a nemertean found in the North Sea, is one of the longest known creatures in the world – more than 60 meters [197 feet compared to longest blue whale of 33.5 m(110.2 ft) and the longest dinosaurs of 50 m (160 ft.)] although they are usually only around 5 – 15 m. long.

89. Phylum Nematoda –Live in every marine environment from the polar regions to the tropics and at every depth –They represent 90% of all life forms on the ocean floor –Often are found in populations of over 1,000,000 individuals per square meter –Account for about 80% of all individual animals on Earth –Phylum also includes many human parasites.

90. Characteristics of Simple Worms Phylum Nematoda Round Worm Physiology

91. Characteristics of Nematoda Structurally simple round worms. –More complex than the other two phyla. Most are parasitic worms, some live in sea animals. –A round body with a complete, one-way digestive system characterizes them (i.e., having a mouth and an anus). –Vast majority of species are small parasitic worms typically less than 2.5 mm long (but greater than 0.1 mm long) and about 5 to 100 µm thick. –Significant in marine biology because some of these parasites live in sea animals. –Phylum also includes many human parasites (hookworms, pinworms, trichina worms, etc.).