2. Plate Tectonics

3. EARTH STRUCTURE & HEAT

4. LAYERS OF THE EARTH CRUST MANTLE OUTER CORE INNER CORE

5. CRUST outer solid Thin, outer layer made of cooled, solid rock LAYERS OF THE EARTH

6. MANTLE Thickest layer under the crust made of hot, plastic-like material

7. LAYERS OF THE EARTH OUTER CORE beneath Located beneath the Mantle, and is the … Moving Moving layer of liquid metal (iron/nickel) which causes the inner core to spin thus causing the Earth’s to act as a giant magnet

8. Protects the Earth from dangerous solar radiation. Earth’s Magnetic Field Causes this

9. Green - oxygen, up to 150 miles in altitude Red - oxygen, above 150 miles in altitude Blue - nitrogen, up to 60 miles in altitude Purple/violet - nitrogen, above 60 miles in altitude

10. LAYERS OF THE EARTH INNER CORE – SOLID INNER MOST LAYER MADE OF HOT, SOLID METAL (IRON AND NICKEL) THAT SPINS

11. Heat Transfer In The Earth

12. THE DEEPER DOWN, THE HOTTER IT GETS THE CLOSER TO THE SURFACE, THE COOLER IT GETS Earth’s Temperature

13. INTERNAL SOURCES OF THE EARTH’S HEAT RESIDUAL HEATRESIDUAL HEAT – HEAT REMAINING FROM PLANET FORMATION RADIOACTIVE HEATRADIOACTIVE HEAT – HEAT PRODUCED FROM THE DECAY OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS

14. HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE THE EARTH HEAT IS TRANSFERED TOWARDS THE SURFACE BY THE MOVEMENT OF HEATED ROCK IN CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE MANTLE

15. TRANSFER OF HEAT BY CONVECTION CURRENTS

16. THEORIES OF PLATE MOVEMENT CONTINENTAL DRIFT (WHAT HAPPENED) & PLATE TECTONICS (WHY IT HAPPENED)

17. THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT PROPOSED IN 1912 BY ALFRED WEGENER A GERMAN GEOLOGIST, METEOROLOGIST AND EXPLORER

18. THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT PANGAEA 1) ALL CONTINENTS WERE ONCE JOINED TOGETHER IN A SUPERCONTINENT CALLED PANGAEA

19. 2) PANGAEA BROKE INTO TWO MAJOR PIECES CALLED: LAURASIA LAURASIA GONDWANALANDGONDWANALAND

20. MOVING 3) THE PLATES CONTINUE MOVING AROUND THE EARTH TODAY.

21. PLATE TECTONICS THE CAUSE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT WAS LATER EXPLAINED BY THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS

22. 200 Million Years Ago

23. 180 Million Years Ago - Jurassic TWO CONTINENTS

24. 135 Million Years Ago - Cretaceous

25. 65 Million Years Ago - Cenozoic

26. Present

27. 50 Million Years in the Future

30. LITHOSPHERE THE FORMATION, MOVEMENT AND DESTRUCTION OF THE EARTH’S PLATES (LITHOSPHERE). TECTONIC LAYERS ITHOSPHERE 1)LITHOSPHERE 2)ASTHENOSPHERE PLATE TECTONICS WHAT IS PLATE TECTONICS?

31. LITHOSPHERE SOLID/RIGID THE LITHOSPHERE (EARTH’S PLATES) IS THE SOLID/RIGID LAYER OF THE EARTH THAT FORMS THE TECTONIC PLATES TECTONIC LAYERS

32. 12 MAJOR PLATES, AND SEVERAL MINOR PLATES THERE ARE

33. THE LITHOSPHERE RIDES ON AND IS MOVED AROUND BY THE ASTHENOSPHERE. TECTONIC LAYERS

34. ASTHENOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE: LOCATED IN THE SOFTER, MANTLE WHERE CONVECTION CURRENTS MOVE THE LITHOSPHERIC PLATES AROUND

35. PLATE TECTONICS EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT 1) MATCHING ROCK LAYERS 2) MATCHING FOSSIL BEDS

36. PLATE TECTONICS EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT 3) FORCES SEEN AT WORK TODAY: VOLCANOES FAULTING CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES SUBDUCTION – ONE PLATE DIVING BENEATH ANOTHER PLATE

37. EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT - COAL FIELDS ALIGN -SHAPES ARE SIMILAR

38. EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT MESOSAURUS + OTHER ORGANISM FOSSILS ALIGN

39. Types of Tectonic Plates Oceanic – covered by water Continental – above water

40. PLATE BOUNDARIES LITHOSPHERIC PLATE BOUNDARIES – THE EDGES OF THE LITHOSPHERIC PLATES (TECTONIC PLATES) Tectonic Plate (Lithosphere)

41. PLATE BOUNDARIES DIVERGENT CONVERGENT TRANSFORM TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES *THE TYPE OF PLATE BOUNDARY IS DETERMINED BY WHAT IS HAPPENING THERE

42. DIVERGENT ROOT WORD: DIVERGE ASSOCIATED TERMS: TO MOVE AWAY OR PULL APART PLATE BOUNDARY VOCABULARY

43. DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION: LITHOSPHERIC PLATES MOVE APART AND LAVA COOLS AND HARDENS IN THE CRACK

44. CAUSED BY: CONVECTION CURRENTS PUSHING THE PLATES APART HOTTER ROCK RISES COOLER ROCK SINKS HOTTER COOLER CONVECTION CURRENTS DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

45. rift valley

46. DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

47. MID- ATLANTIC RIDGE

48. CONVERGENT ROOT WORD: CONVERGE ASSOCIATED TERMS: COME TOGETHER, MEET PLATE BOUNDARY VOCABULARY

49. CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES DESCRIPTION: PLATES ARE BEING PUSHED TOGETHER BY CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE ASTHENOSPHERE CONVECTION CURRENTS HOTTER COOLER HOTTER

50. CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES CAUSED BY: CONVECTION CURRENTS PUSHING THE PLATES TOGETHER CONVECTION CURRENTS HOTTER COOLER HOTTER

51. CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES Convergent collisions cause the plates to do two different things. 1) Subduction 2) Head-on Collision

52. CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES SUBDUCTION dives One plate dives beneath another. Subduction forms: Deep ocean trenches Volcanoes Subduction Zone *The area involved in subduction is called a Subduction Zone.

53. SUBDUCTION ZONE Volcanovolcano trench

54. SUBDUCTION ZONE Volcanovolcano trench

55. SUBDUCTION ZONE Volcanovolcano trench

56. SUBDUCTION ZONE Volcanovolcano trench

57. SUBDUCTION ZONE volcano trench

58. Ocean Plate volcano trench

59. MARIANA TRENCH TRENCH DEEPEST TRENCH IN THE WORLD – 36,000+ FEET OLDEST OCEAN FLOOR CRUST YOUNGEST OCEAN FLOOR CRUST

60. TRENCH DEEPEST TRENCH IN THE WORLD

61. DEEPEST TRENCH IN THE WORLD Trench Island Arc

62. TRENCH MARIANA TRENCH

63. CASCADE VOLCANOES Example: CASCADE VOLCANOES (Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Hood, Mt. Rainer) SUBDUCTS JUAN DE FUCA PLATE SUBDUCTS UNDER THE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE

64. CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES Head-on Collisions head-on mountain ranges The plates collide, head-on and form mountain ranges.

65. MOUNTAINS: UPWARDDOWNWARD MOUNTAINS: WHEN CONTINENTAL PLATES COLLIDE, THE ENDS OF THE PLATES MOVE UPWARD AND DOWNWARD LANDFORM

66. CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

67. HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS EXAMPLE: HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS WERE CAUSED BY THE INDIAN PLATE CRASHING INTO THE EURASIAN PLATE

68. CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

71. TRANSFORM ROOT WORD: FORM ASSOCIATED TERMS: TO CHANGE OR MOVE BY EACH OTHER IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS PLATE BOUNDARY VOCABULARY

72. TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES OPPOSITE TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES – PLATES SLIDE BY EACH OTHER MOVING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS PLATE BOUNDARY #3

73. CAUSE PUSHING OPPOSITE CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE ASTHENOSPHERE ARE PUSHING THE PLATES IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS

74. LANDFORM CREATED FAULT LINE IT’S YOUR FAULT! CRACK MOVEMENT A CRACK IN THE EARTH’S CRUST ALONG WHICH MOVEMENT OCCURS

75. FAULT LINE LANDFORM CREATED BY A TRANSFORM BOUNDARY IS A: FAULT LINE

76. SAN ANDREAS FAULT IS A TRANSFORM BOUNDARY PACIFIC PLATE SLIDING NORTH NORTH AMERICAN PLATE SLIDING SOUTH

77. WHEN THE INSIDE OF THE EARTH COOLS AND HARDENS PLATE MOVEMENTSTOPS MOUNTAIN BUILDING VOLCANOES STOPS STOPS WHEN THERE ARE NO CONVECTION CURRENTS

78. Hot Spots An extra hot area in the mantle that burns through the crust Creates volcanoes

79. Hot Spots Examples: Hawaii and Yellowstone Park

80. Hawaii (Oceanic Hotspot) Hot spot under Pacific Plate Plate slowly moves over hotspot creating a chain of volcanic islands

81. Hawaii

82. Yellowstone Park (Continental Hotspot) Hotspot under North American Plate Plate slowly moves over hotspot

83. Yellowstone Park (Continental Hotspot)