2. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou3

3. Types of Printmaking University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou4 RELIEF PRINT INTAGLIO PRINT

4. Relief Print  Of all the forms in printmaking the most ancient is the relief print. In a relief print, the artist takes a cutting tool, usually knife or gouge, and cuts away the areas that he doesn’t want to print. Thus, the positive of the image is provided by the raised surface of the block.  Once the image has been created, he applies ink in the raised surface using a roller or brayer. Next, he puts a tracing paper on top of the image. Finally, the block and the paper are passed through the press or pressure is applied at the back of the paper to transfer the image from the block to the paper. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou5

5. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou6

6. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou7

7. Blocks The wooden blocks are usually made of pine, poplar, cherry wood or birch plywood. Each type of wood has its own distinctive characteristics.  Pine is soft and easily bruised.  Poplar is easily cut, it has an even grain and it is not brittle. Being a bit harder than pine, it can hold a little more detail.  Cherry wood is a hard type of wood. It doesn’t split, it has an even grain and it withstands pressure. It was mostly used by Japanese cutters in the Ukiyo-e tradition as it can keep fine detail for many prints.  Finally, birch has an even grain which makes it an excellent plywood. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou8

8. Cutting Tools University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou9

9. Woodcut Knife Among the various cutting tools, the knife is the most essential tool. It makes cuts that no other tool can make and does the most careful job. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou10

10. Gouges From all the gouges, the raked V-gouge can cut cross grain without tearing whereas the C-gouge is indispensable for general cutting. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou11

11. Chisels Flat chisels can also be used to create soft grey edges unlike the typically hard-cut edges that are characteristic of the woodcut knife or gouge. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou12

12. Rollers and Brayers Rollers and brayers are used for inking the surface of the block. They come in different sizes and hardness and can be made of a great number of different materials such as rubber, gelatine, plastic, leather etc. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou13

13. Inks We have two types of inks oil-based and water-based. Oil- based inks are preferable to water- based as the latter dry quickly. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou14

14. Papers In print making we can use handmade or machine-made papers. Handmade papers are unsized and dampened have a lot of texture. Machine-made papers therefore are preferred for the printing of fine detail. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou15

15. Exercise 1 Answer to the following questions:  What is a woodcut?  What yields the image in a relief print?  How is the negative part in a relief print created?  How is the relief print in a collage print achieved? University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou16

16. Exercise 2 Draw the proper correspondences. Tools for woodcuts Cherry wood Soft and easily bruised woodcut Is carved away Negative space Kind of relief print Woodcut knife Ink is applied with a Raked V-gouge Suitable for fine lines roller Type of gouge pine University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou17

17. Exercise 3 Find the proper choice:  They were used by Japanese cutters for their resistance to splitting. (a)Wooden spoon (b) rollers © pine (d) cherry wood  It is one of the most widely known and used forms of relief print. (a) Wood engraving (b) collage print © woodcut (d) printmaking  It is used to cut wood. (a)C gouge (b) tool © texturing tool (d) palette knife  It is used to transfer the image of a woodcut. (a)Woodcut knife (b) Printing ink © oil (d) press University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou18

18.  It is unsurpassed for the clean cutting of small shapes. (a)Woodcut knife (b) C gouge © roller (d) sand paper  When properly sharpened, it will cut cross grain without tearing. (a) U gouge (b) C gouge © V gouge (d) chisel  It is indispensable for general cutting. (a) Screw (b) punch © chisel (d) C gouge  It can be used to produce linear and textual qualities. (a) Staple (b) knife © C gouge (d) bit  It is very good for creating soft gray edges. (a) Roller (b) ink © paper (d) chisel University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou19

19.  Handmade papers are _____ (a)Durable (b)unsized © coarse (d) sensitive  We use ______ for relief etchings (a) soft-rubber rollers (b) machine-made papers © gelatin (d) handmade papers University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou20

20. Exercise 3 Fill in the gaps:  A relief print is an image created by a p____ process where protruding surface faces of the matrix (printing plate or b____) are inked; r____ areas are ink free. Printing the image is therefore a relatively simple matter of i____ the face of the matrix and bringing it in firm contact with the paper. A printing- press may not be needed as the back of the paper can be r____ or pressed by hand with a simple tool such as a b____ or r____.  The matrix in relief printing is classically created by starting with a f___ original surface, and then removing (e.g., by c____) away areas intended to print blank. The remaining areas of the original surface receive the i____.  The relief family of techniques includes w_____, metalcut, wood e____, relief e____, l____, and some types of c____. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou21

21. Exercise 4 Put the sentences in the paragraph in the proper order:  Relief processes include woodcuts, wood engravings and linoleum cuts (or linocuts). Marks made by rubber stamps and wet tires are examples of relief printed marks in the everyday world. _____ The image bearing block of wood, usually a soft wood, is a plank cut along the grain. Color can be printed with single or multiple blocks. _____ As with most print- making techniques, when more than one color is used, individually inked blocks - one for each color are carefully registered (lined up) to ensure that colors will be exactly placed in the final print. _____ University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou22

22.  The surface is then inked, and the ink is transferred to paper with pressure. _____  The traditional woodcut process lends itself to designs with bold black and white contrast. _____ In a relief process the printmaker cuts away all parts of the printing surface not meant to carry the ink, leaving the design to be printed “in relief” at the level of the original surface. _____ University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou23

23. Exercise 5 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense:  Relief printing is a printing process in which the impression _____ (CREATE) by the uncarved areas or the unprepared surface of the PRINTING ELEMENT, which _____ (INK) with a ROLLER, BRAYER, or other tool. The cut, or incised, areas do not usually print, since they _____ (RECESS) and _____ (INK). Nonetheless, during a run paper is often pushed into these sunken areas, _____ (CREATE) an embossed effect. WOODCUT and LINOCUT are usually used for relief printing. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou24

24.  In all relief techniques it is the surface of the block that _____ (INK) and printed and, given perfect printing, all lines or surfaces will be equally dark. Moderate pressure in the press _____ (EMBOSS) the paper to an extent, so the inked design _____ (LIE) slightly below the uninked surface of the paper. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou25

25. Types of Relief Print University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou26  Woodcut  Wood engraving  Collagraph  Linocut

26. Woodcut  Woodcut is the most widely used form of a relief print. It is also known as xylography print.  In the woodcut technique we use a wooden block usually made of beechwood. To produce the image, we cut away the background space along the grain of the wood using knives or gouges while we ink the parts remaining level with the surface using a roller. These parts contain the positive of the image. Next, we place a piece of paper on top of the block and then we pass both the block and the paper through the press.  Multiple colors can be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the woodblocks (where a different block is used for each color). University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou27

27. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou28 Gipsies Fortune-telling.--Fac-simile of a Woodcut in the "Cosmographie Universelle" of Munster: in folio, Basle, 1552.

28. Wood Engraving  In wood engraving the artist uses a tool with a V-shaped cutting tip called a burin to engrave fine lines on a wooden block. Unlike in the woodcut technique, the woodcut artist works with the end of the grain rather than the side of it.  Engraving on wood in this manner produces highly detailed images, which are distinct in style from those produced by engraving on copper plates. Since wood engraving is a relief process (ink is applied to the raised surface of the block) while metal engraving is an intaglio technique, wood engravings deteriorated much less quickly than copper-plate engravings and had a distinctive white-on-black character. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou29

29. Wood Engraving University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou30

30.  The technique of wood engraving was developed at the end of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century by Tomas Bewick. Though less widely used now, the technique is still prized in the early 21st century as a high-quality specialist technique of book illustration, and is promoted by the Society of Wood Engravers who hold an annual exhibition in London and other regional British venues. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou31

31. Linocut  Linocut is another printmaking technique, a variant of woodcut. In a linocut, a sheet of linoleum is used for a relief surface, usually mounted on top of a wooden block. The design is cut into the linoleum using a knife or a V- shaped gouge. The raised surface is inked and then impressed onto paper or fabric.  The linoleum lacks a particular direction to its grain and it does not split, therefore it is easier to create artistic effects on a linoleum sheet than on a wooden block. Moreover, it is much easier to cut than wood, especially when heated. However, being softer it can not withstand printing pressure equally well therefore it does not last for many prints. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou32

32.  Colour linocuts can be made by using a different block for each colour as in a woodcut. After each successive colour is imprinted onto the paper, the artist then cleans the lino plate and cuts away what will not be imprinted for the subsequently applied colour. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou33

33. Linocut University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou34 Signed linocut by Joy Shepherd title 'Dhows off Zanzibar' Allendorf (Lumda), Old Tower, Linocut 2008

34. Collagraph  In the collagraph technique, the artist starts working his idea in small compositional drawings on tracing paper. In these preparatory drawings, he indicates the materials to be used, the mass and the line, the shapes or forms. Then, he can work out the complete drawing. The finished drawing should be drawn heavily on a tracing paper using a charcoal pencil or a soft 6B pencil so that it can be transferred directly onto the base plate. Once transferred, the drawing should be fixed with a fixative to avoid smudging. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou35

35. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou36

36.  The base plate is usually made of cardboard, metal, plastic or hardboard. To create the relief surface in such a plate we adhere materials on it.  The base of a collagraph plate must be compatible with the glue or adhesives we use on it. Moreover, the edges of cut forms should be beveled before being glued to the base plate to prevent white, unprinted threads around the forms.  The plate then can be inked in the relief or intaglio method. It can also be printed without ink to create embossed effects. Collagraphs can be combined with other media such as etching, photo-etching, lithography and screen printing, to produce mixed media prints. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou37

37. Exercise 1 Answer to the following questions:  Describe the woodcut technique.  Which are the differences between the woodcut and the wood engraving technique?  Describe the linocut technique.  Which are the advantages of the linocut technique compared to the woodcut technique?  What is a collagraph? University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou38

38. Exercise 2 Draw the correspondences Relief print It is the incised lines and recessed areas which are inked. Wood engravingIt has a metal plate as a matrix woodcutIt is a planographic technique etchingIs the matrix used in a relief print University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou 39

39. brayer It is a tool used to apply ink to the block lithography The engraver uses the burin to create very thin delicate lines Intaglio print The block is cut along the grain of the wood. metalcutIs an intaglio technique block It is the raised surface which is inked EtchingIs a relief technique University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou40

40. Exercise 3 Decide True or False.  Linocut is an intaglio technique.  In the linocut technique the image is impressed on a wooden block.  In the linocut technique the image is transferred to the paper via pressure by hand or with a press.  In collagraphy the matrix is a wooden block.  Collagraphy comes from the Greek word ‘kola’ and ‘grapho’. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou41

41.  In collagraphs the plate can be inked in the intaglio or relief method.  A collagraph plate must be compatible with the glue or adhesives used on it.  Different tonal effects can be achieved with the collagraph technique due to the depth of relief that results from the plate’s highly textured surface. University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou42

42. Exercise 4 Find the words that mean:  slightly different (line 1)  a large piece of nylon (line 1)  what we use to cut stone into a particular shape (line 3).  A change to the opposite (line 4)  To press something so as to make a mark (line 5) University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou43

43.  Results (line 8)  Having sharp and definite corners (line 9)  To become worse (line 11)  The state of being easily destroyed (line 12)  Piece of wood (line 17) University of Ioannina - 2013Dr Eugenia Eumeridou44