1. From Survey to Data to Analysis Providing Social Science Data Services Jim Jacobs, 2008

2. The Survey Instument Survey instrument Q1. [enter zip code ] Q2. [enter R’s first name ] Q3. [enter sex of R ] Q4. What was your major in College? Q5. What was your income last year? Q6. Did you go to church last week?

3. Answers to Questions Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 Wilma F lit 0 y 99005 Barney M engin 10 n 99005 Betty F. 0 n 92005 Ethel F theater 1000 y 12534 Fred M. M PE 10000 y 12534 Lucy F lit 700 y 25000 Ricky M music 11000 y 20000 Fred A. M dance 10500 n 15000 Ginger F math 9500 y

4. Must anonymize the data! Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 Wilma F lit 0 y 99005 Barney M engin 10 n 99005 Betty F. 0 n 92005 Ethel F theater 1000 y 12534 Fred M. M PE 10000 y 12534 Lucy F lit 700 y 25000 Ricky M music 11000 y 20000 Fred A. M dance 10500 n 15000 Ginger F math 9500 y

5. Must anonymize the data! Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 F lit 0 y 99005 002 M engin 10 n 99005 003 F. 0 n 92005 004 F theater 1000 y 12534 005 M PE 10000 y 12534 006 F lit 700 y 25000 007 M music 11000 y 20000 008 M dance 10500 n 15000 009 F math 9500 y

6. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 F lit 0 y 99005 002 M engin 10 n 99005 003 F. 0 n 92005 004 F theater 1000 y 12534 005 M PE 10000 y 12534 006 F lit 700 y 25000 007 M music 11000 y 20000 008 M dance 10500 n 15000 009 F math 9500 y

7. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 lit 0 y 99005 002 2 engin 10 n 99005 003 1. 0 n 92005 004 1 theater 1000 y 12534 005 2 PE 10000 y 12534 006 1 lit 700 y 25000 007 2 music 11000 y 20000 008 2 dance 10500 n 15000 009 1 math 9500 y

8. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 lit 0 y 99005 002 2 engin 10 n 99005 003 1. 0 n 92005 004 1 theater 1000 y 12534 005 2 PE 10000 y 12534 006 1 lit 700 y 25000 007 2 music 11000 y 20000 008 2 dance 10500 n 15000 009 1 math 9500 y The “codebook” must document the numeric codes used! For example: Variable: “sex” 1 = female 2 = male

9. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 lit 0 y 99005 002 2 engin 10 n 99005 003 1. 0 n 92005 004 1 theater 1000 y 12534 005 2 PE 10000 y 12534 006 1 lit 700 y 25000 007 2 music 11000 y 20000 008 2 dance 10500 n 15000 009 1 math 9500 y

10. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 0075 0 y 99005 002 2 engin 10 n 99005 003 1. 0 n 92005 004 1 theater 1000 y 12534 005 2 PE 10000 y 12534 006 1 0075 700 y 25000 007 2 music 11000 y 20000 008 2 dance 10500 n 15000 009 1 math 9500 y

11. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 0075 0 y 99005 002 2 0070 10 n 99005 003 1. 0 n 92005 004 1 0076 1000 y 12534 005 2 0001 10000 y 12534 006 1 0075 700 y 25000 007 2 0077 11000 y 20000 008 2 0078 10500 n 15000 009 1 0050 9500 y

12. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 0075 0 y 99005 002 2 0070 10 n 99005 003 1. 0 n 92005 004 1 0076 1000 y 12534 005 2 0001 10000 y 12534 006 1 0075 700 y 25000 007 2 0077 11000 y 20000 008 2 0078 10500 n 15000 009 1 0050 9500 y

13. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 0075 0 1 99005 002 2 0070 10 2 99005 003 1. 0 2 92005 004 1 0076 1000 1 12534 005 2 0001 10000 1 12534 006 1 0075 700 1 25000 007 2 0077 11000 1 20000 008 2 0078 10500 2 15000 009 1 0050 9500 1

14. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 0075 0 1 99005 002 2 0070 10 2 99005 003 1. 0 2 92005 004 1 0076 1000 1 12534 005 2 0001 10000 1 12534 006 1 0075 700 1 25000 007 2 0077 11000 1 20000 008 2 0078 10500 2 15000 009 1 0050 9500 1 Sometimes, even numeric variables are encoded in ranges. For example: Variable: “income” 1 = less than 1000 2 = 1000 - 4999 3 = 5000 - 10000 4 = more than 10000 9 = not reported

15. Change Text to Numeric Codes Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 0075 1 1 99005 002 2 0070 1 2 99005 003 1. 1 2 92005 004 1 0076 2 1 12534 005 2 0001 3 1 12534 006 1 0075 1 1 25000 007 2 0077 4 1 20000 008 2 0078 4 2 15000 009 1 0050 3 1 Sometimes, even numeric variables are encoded in ranges. For example: Variable: “income” 1 = less than 1000 2 = 1000 - 4999 3 = 5000 - 10000 4 = more than 10000 9 = not reported

16. Data Files do not need “headers” Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 001 1 0075 1 1 99005 002 2 0070 1 2 99005 003 1. 1 2 92005 004 1 0076 2 1 12534 005 2 0001 3 1 12534 006 1 0075 1 1 25000 007 2 0077 4 1 20000 008 2 0078 4 2 15000 009 1 0050 3 1

17. Data Files do not need “headers” 29002 001 1 0075 1 1 99005 002 2 0070 1 2 99005 003 1. 1 2 92005 004 1 0076 2 1 12534 005 2 0001 3 1 12534 006 1 0075 1 1 25000 007 2 0077 4 1 20000 008 2 0078 4 2 15000 009 1 0050 3 1

18. Data Files do not need extra space 29002 001 1 0075 1 1 99005 002 2 0070 1 2 99005 003 1. 1 2 92005 004 1 0076 2 1 12534 005 2 0001 3 1 12534 006 1 0075 1 1 25000 007 2 0077 4 1 20000 008 2 0078 4 2 15000 009 1 0050 3 1

19. Data Files do not need extra space 290020011 0075 1 1 990050022 0070 1 2 990050031. 1 2 920050041 0076 2 1 125340052 0001 3 1 125340061 0075 1 1 250000072 0077 4 1 200000082 0078 4 2 150000091 0050 3 1

20. Data Files do not need extra space 2900200110075 1 1 9900500220070 1 2 990050031. 1 2 9200500410076 2 1 1253400520001 3 1 1253400610075 1 1 2500000720077 4 1 2000000820078 4 2 1500000910050 3 1

21. Data Files do not need extra space 29002001100751 1 99005002200701 2 990050031. 1 2 92005004100762 1 12534005200013 1 12534006100751 1 25000007200774 1 20000008200784 2 15000009100503 1

22. Data Files do not need extra space 290020011007511 990050022007012 990050031. 12 920050041007621 125340052000131 125340061007511 250000072007741 200000082007842 150000091005031

23. Codebook must document locations 290020011007511 990050022007012 990050031. 12 920050041007621 125340052000131 125340061007511 250000072007741 200000082007842 150000091005031 For example: Variable: “sex” location: column 9 width: 1

24. Codebook must document locations 290020011007511 990050022007012 990050031. 12 920050041007621 125340052000131 125340061007511 250000072007741 200000082007842 150000091005031 For example: Variable: “sex” location: column 9 width: 1 123456789

25. Codebook documents question, location, codes. 290020011007511 990050022007012 990050031. 12 920050041007621 125340052000131 125340061007511 250000072007741 200000082007842 150000091005031 For example: Q3. [enter sex of R ] Variable: “sex” location: column 9 width: 1 Variable: “sex” 1 = female 2 = male

27. Aggregating Microdata Zip Name Sex Major income church 29002 Wilma F lit 0 y 99005 Barney M engin 10 n 99005 Betty F. 0 n 92005 Ethel F theater 1000 y 12534 Fred M. M PE 10000 y 12534 Lucy F lit 700 y 25000 Ricky M music 11000 y 20000 Fred A. M dance 10500 n 15000 Ginger F math 9500 y

28. Aggregating Microdata Zip Name Sex Major income church 2 Wilma F lit 0 y 9 Barney M engin 10 n 9 Betty F. 0 n 9 Ethel F theater 1000 y 1 Fred M. M PE 10000 y 1 Lucy F lit 700 y 2 Ricky M music 11000 y 2 Fred A. M dance 10500 n 1 Ginger F math 9500 y

29. Aggregating Microdata Zip Name Sex Major income church 1 Fred M. M PE 10000 y 1 Ginger F math 9500 y 1 Lucy F lit 700 y 2 Fred A. M dance 10500 n 2 Ricky M music 11000 y 2 Wilma F lit 0 y 9 Barney M engin 10 n 9 Betty F. 0 n 9 Ethel F theater 1000 y

30. Aggregating Microdata Zip Sex 1 M 1 F 2 M 2 F 9 M 9 F

31. Aggregating Microdata Zip Sex Male Female 1 M 1 2 1 F 2 M 2 1 2 M 2 F 9 M 1 2 9 F

32. Aggregating Microdata Geo Sex Male Female 1 1 2 2 2 1 9 1 2

33. Aggregating Microdata Geo Sex Male Female 1 1 2 2 2 1 9 1 2

34. Aggregate Data