1. Financial Markets

2. Saving and Capital Formation Saving money makes economic growth possible One’s person savings can represent another person’s loan Savings make investments possible

3. Financial Assets and the Financial System Consist of a network, including –Savers –Investors –Financial institutions –Work together to Transfer savings to investors

4. Financial assets –Claims on the property and the income of the borrower –Open a Savings accounts –Certificates of deposits –Government bonds –Corporate bonds Financial Assets and the Financial System

5. Financial Intermediaries –Financial institutions that bring together savers and lenders Commercial banks Savings and loan Asso. Savings bank Mutual savings banks Credit unions Life insurance companies Mutual funds Pension Funds Real Estate Investment Trust Finance Companies Financial Assets and the Financial System

6. Circular flow of funds: shows how funds are transferred from savers to borrowers Any part of the economy can supply and borrow savings Largest Borrowers = Government and businesses

7. Nonbank Financial Intermediaries Non-depository institutions that channel savings to borrowers –Finance companies –Life Insurance –Mutual Funds –Pension Funds –Real Estate Investment Trust

8. Investment Strategies and Financial Assets

9. Basic Investment Considerations Risk: a situation in which the outcome is not certain but can be estimated –Higher risk = higher rate of return –Low risk = lower rate of return

11. Investments depends on goals of the investor –Consistent investment can yield large returns –Avoid complex investments 401K Plan: tax deferred investment plan that acts as a personal pension fund for employees Basic Investment Considerations

13. Bonds as Financial Assets Three main components –The Coupon: stated interest on debt –The Maturity: life of the bond –The par value: principal or the total amount initially borrowed that must be repaid at maturity Prices are determined by supply and demand Yield = annual interest rate divided by the purchase price

14. Bond Ratings Rated on –the financial health of the investor –The ability to make future coupon –Principal payments –Issuer’s past credit history Range from D (lowest) to AAA (highest) Default = the issuer has not kept up with the interest of the par value payments

15. Financial Assets and Their Characteristics Most common form of investment = Certificates of deposit Corporate Bonds –Issued by corporations –Usually used for long term investment Municipal bonds –Issued by the state and local gov’t –Safe, tax exempt investment

16. Savings bonds –Low-denomination, non-transferable –Issued by federal gov’t –Virtually no risk Treasury and Bonds –Long-term obligations –Issued by fed gov’t –Safest of all financial assets Financial Assets and Their Characteristics

17. Treasury Bills –Short-term obligations –Issued by federal gov’t Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA’s) –Long-term –Tax sheltered time deposits –Intended for retirement Financial Assets and Their Characteristics

18. Markets for Financial Assets Capital markets: money is loaned for more than one year Money Markets: money is loaned for more less one year Primary Markets: only the original issuer can repurchase or redeem a financial asset Secondary Markets: financial assets can be resold to new owners

19. Markets for Financial Assets

20. Investing in Equities, Futures, and Options

21. Market Efficiency Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) –Argument that stocks are always priced about right and that bargains are hard to find –It is not possible to “beat the market” regularly –Investors should diversify their portfolios –Or enlist the assistance of a stock broker

22. Organized Stock Exchanges New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) –List share of 2,800 large companies –1,400 seats or memberships American Stock Exchange (AMEX) –List shares of 750 companies Regional Stock Exchanges – list shares too small or to new to be listed on NYSE or AMEX Global Stock Exchange –Include stock exchanges around the world

23. Over the Counter Markets (OTC) Electronic Marketplace for securities not traded on an organized exchange –I.E. National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) –List information on companies traded on (OTC)

24. Measure of Stock Performance Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) –Index made up of 30 stocks –Most popular and widely publicized measure of stock market performance on the NYSE Standard & Poor’s 500 –Index made up of 500 representative stocks Bull Market: prices are rising Bear Market: prices are falling

25. Trading in the Future Spot Market –“Spot” meaning immediate –Transactions are made at the prevailing price –Futures contract –Futures market

26. Trading in the Future Option Market –Put and Call options are bought and sold –Call option Gives the owner the right to buy at a specific price in the future –Put option Gives the owner the right to sell at a specific price in the future