1. ERRORS, FAILURES, AND RISK By: Majed Ainaldin Olalekan Alabi

2. General Overview Computer Error The occurrence of an incorrect result produced by a computer System failure A system failure can occur because of a hardware failure or a severe software issue. Commonly, a system failure will cause the system to freeze, reboot, or stop functioning altogether Risk involved Each of every Errors and Failures that happened in a computer hardware or software has consequences attach to it.

3. The ten biggest Computer Failures of 2012 1.Incorrect Algorithm (Knight Capital) Fault in automatic trading software The Impact on the company? Cost them about $440 million in loss 2. BATS Global Market Unable to launch its own trading exchange. Impact on the company They had to stop the exchange even before they launched their stock. Loss of money

4. 3. Facebook As a result of technical fault on the NASDAQ stock exchange stock went down Impact on Facebook Over 30 million shares were affected by the fault due to failure to process transaction correctly 4. Voting System (U.S) Poor programing error and malfunction equipment The impacts Change of voter’s candidate Calibration problems resulted to vote flipping

5. 5. A glitch in United Airline and error in billing system A glitch in the software used Impact it caused on the Airline and the Customers? Resulted in travel disruptions for thousands of its customers Customers were stranded in the airport Flights were delay in a two hour period 257 and another 10 canceled

6. Impact of billing system error caused on the Airline and Customers Loss of money was involved Earlier ticket buyers were happy 6. G4S and London Olympic games Shorten number of security staff needed to cover the London Olympic Games Impact it caused The army had to be called in to make up for the numbers

7. 7. U.S Internal Revenue Service (IRS) System upgrade Impact it caused Caused delays in tax rebates to taxpayers 8. On-line Gambling glitch (Eurobet.com) Computer software glitch hit an online gambling company Impact that it caused Making a gambler to think he won £ 650,000

8. 9. Software Utility Bills Error (Australia and Germany) Issuing out late payment fees for bills that has not been sent out Germany energy provider E.ON Impact it caused on customers (E.ON) About 94,000 customers got charged exit fees incorrectly Impact it caused on the company (E.ON) The firm had to pay around £1.4million to customers in settlements.

9. 10. Leap Year software Error (Health industry & payment service in Australia) Adding an additional day in February while programming software The impact on customers Around 150,000 customers were unable to pay for services

10. What went wrong? Computer system fails for two general reasons The job they are doing is inherently difficult and and sometimes the job is done poorly Factors that contributes to System failures? Real world including machinery and human, Complex communication network Numerous features with interconnected subsystems

11. Effect of Code error Automobiles, airplanes, and jets fighters contain millions of lines of computer code. Effect on mechanical systems To computer program

12. The job can be done poorly at any of many stages which includes: System design and implementation state Inadequate attention to potential risk Software and hardware incompatibility Confusing user interface Insufficient testing Software reuse without adequate testing Overconfidence in software Carelessness

13. System management and use Data-entry errors Inadequate training of users Error in interpreting result or output Failure to keep information in database up to date Overconfidence in software by users

14. Case Study 1: Computer Failure Cuts Off Access to Food Benefits As a result of routine test back up by Xerox, people in about 17 U.S States including Alabama, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas and Virginia Found themselves temporarily unable to use their food stamp debit-style card at the early week of October 2013

15. What was said by the spokeswoman for Xerox “Restarting the E.B.T. system required time to ensure service was back at full functionality” An emergency voucher was provided to some of the affected areas. Affected shoppers shopping at that particular moment had no other option than to leave their full cart behind

16. What went wrong? One of the Oklahoman’s Xerox representative had told officials that the problems stemmed from a power failure at a data center. “It just takes a while to reboot these systems,” she said Length of Problem The problem lasted for few hours and it was restored back about the evening of same day

17. The Stakeholders Xerox The residents of the 17 States affected The grocery The Department of Human Services

18. Positive and Negative Rights of each Xerox Positive right Right to perform routine test back Negative right Have the right to choose whether or not to notify the general public

19. The residents Positive right Have the right to use their EBT card Negative right Have the right to know about the system upgrade

20. The grocery store Positive right Have the right not to participate to accept EBT Negative right The government can force them to do so

21. The Department of Human Services Positive right Choose to take the contract from Xerox Negative right Choose not to provide another option It will cause hunger and starvation

22. Ethical View Consequentialism point of view it resulted to panic

23. Increasing Reliability and Safety Professional Techniques Professionals, both programmers and managers, have the Responsibility to study and use the professional techniques And tools that are available and to follow the procedures and guidelines established in the various relevant codes of ethics and professional practices

24. Management and Communications Management experts use the term high reliability organization (HRO) for an organization (business or government) that operates in difficult environments, often with complex technology, where failures can have extreme consequences (for example, air traffic control, nuclear power plants) Researchers have identified characteristics of HROs that Perform extremely well

25. Case Study 2: The Therac-25 A radiation Treatment machine software failure Use for the treatment of cancer Giving overdose to patient Caused severe and painful injury and deaths of three patient

26. What went wrong? Lapses in good safety design Insufficient testing Bugs in the software that controlled the machines, Inadequate system for reporting and investigation the accident

27. Software and Design Problems Design flaws Fully computer controlled (Therac-6 and -20) Weakness in operator interface Bugs Two specific software errors: I.Ignoring changes or correction made by the operator made at the console II. Set-Up Test performed

28. Why So Many Incidents? Clinics were aware of the injuries Staffs members considers other explanations Manufacturer was questioned about overdose Overconfidence (patient and machine operator) Overconfidence on the side manufacturer Observation and Perspective Irresponsible act by the manufacturer

29. Stakeholders General public Manufacturer Hospital Positive and Negative rights General public (Positive) To good health care and equipment General public (Negative) Finding a better hospital

30. Positive and Negative Right Manufacturer (positive) Manufacturing of new hospital equipment Manufacturer (Negative) Distribution of the equipment Hospitals (Positive) Right to select equipment to purchase Hospitals (Negative) Right to choose which equipment to use for treatment

31. Ethic View Consequentialism: It caused severe and painful injuries and other deaths of three patients

32. Increasing Reliability and Safety (Cont.) User interfaces and human factors Well-designed user interfaces can help avoid many problems User interfaces should provide clear instructions and error messages They should be consistent They should include appropriate checking of input to reduce major system failures caused by typos or other errors by person

33. Case Study 3: Obama care online Registration Problem The online registration of HealthCare.gov Issues with the system: Difficulties confirming the identities of people registering What went wrong? Networking problem was to blame for the outage Attempted to fix it, crashed the system Affecting Data Services Hub, which connects the Obama care website to IRS and other databases used to determine eligibility

34. Length of the Problem Few numbers of days The Stakeholders General public Web contractor The federal government Positive and Negative right Positive right (the public) Right to choose between health plan to register for

35. Negative right (the public) Choose not to have health plan (paying more later ) Web contractors (Positive) Right to perform their work to the best of their knowledge Negative right Ethical View Consequentialism: it resulted to registration failure

36. Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice 3.10. Ensure adequate testing, debugging, and review of software and related documents on which they work 3.11. Ensure adequate documentation, including significant problems discovered and solutions adopted, for any project on which they work

37. Works Cited Baase, Sara. A Gift of Fire Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing Technology. 4th ed. N.p.: Norman SPrentice Hallperling, 2013. Print. “Computer Failure Cut Off Access to Food Benefits.” Nytimes. Nytimes, 12 Oct. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2013 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/picture-galleries/9743652/The-ten- biggest-computer-failures-of-2012.html?frame=2427042 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/10/09/heres- everything-you-need-to-know-about-obamacares-error-plagued-web-sites/