1. The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550-1800 Chapter 18 The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550-1800

2. Caribbean Sugar Mill p470

3. 19 | 3 Plantations in the West Indies Colonization Before 1650 Tobacco and sugar Innovations in labor and capital formation Sugar and Slaves Shifts from tobacco to sugar Decline of indentured servitude Huge rise in import of African slaves

4. 19 | 4 Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century Technology and Environment Sugar production and the environment Slaves’ Lives The “plantocracy” Working conditions, mortality and rebellion Free Whites and Free Blacks St. Domingue Manumission and maroon communities

5. Chronology from 1500-1700 Empt y cell West IndiesAtlanticAfrica 1500circa 1500 Spanish settlers introduce sugar-cane cultivation 1611 Amsterdam stock exchange opens 1500-1700 Gold trade predominates 1591 Morocco conquers Songhai 16001620s and 1630s English and French colonies in Caribbean 1640s Dutch bring sugar plantation system from Brazil 1655 English take Jamaica 1670s French occupy western half of Hispaniola (modern Haiti) 1621 Dutch West India Company chartered 1654 Dutch expelled from Brazil 1660s English Navigation Acts 1672 Royal African Company chartered 1698 French Exclusif 1638 Dutch take Elmina 1680s Rise of Asante 17001700 West Indies surpass Brazil in sugar production 1760 Tacky's rebellion in Jamaica 1700 to present Atlantic system flourishing 1713 English receive slave trade monop­oly from Spanish Empire 1700-1830 Slave trade predominates 1720s Rise of Dahomey 1730 Oyo makes Dahomey pay tribute p473

6. Transatlantic Slave Trade from Africa, 1551–1850 Figure 19.1 p474

7. 19 | 7 Creating the Atlantic Economy Capitalism and Mercantilism Government and private enterprise Joint-stock companies, charters Anglo-French Atlantic rivalry The Atlantic Circuit Connections to global trade Slave trade Middle Passage

8. Plantation Scene, Antigua, British West Indies p475

9. Caribbean Hurricane p477

10. Slave Occupations on a Jamaican Sugar Plantation, 1788 Occupations and ConditionsMenWomenBoys and GirlsTotal Field laborers6278 Empty cell140 Tradesmen29Empty cell 29 Field drivers4Empty cell 4 Field cooks Empty cell4 4 Mule-, cattle-, and stablemen12 Empty cell 12 Watchmen18 Empty cell 18 Nurse Empty cell1 1 Midwife Empty cell1 1 Domestics and gardeners Empty cell 8 Grass-gang Empty cell 20 Total employed1258923237 Infants Empty cell 23 Invalids (18 with yaws) Empty cell 32 Absent on roads Empty cell 5 Superannuated [elderly] Empty cell 7 Overall total Empty cell 304 Table 19.1 p478

11. Birth and Death on a Jamaican Sugar Plantaton, 1779-1785 YearMales BornFemales Born PurchasedMales DiedFemales Died Proportion of Deaths 1779526751 in 26 178043—321 in 62 178123—421 in 52 1782139451 in 35 178333—8101 in 17 178421129101 in 17 178523—031 in 99 Total1918273537 Empty cell Born 37Empty cell Died 72Empty cell Table 19.2 p479

12. The Brutal Foundation of Plantation Prosperity p479

13. Cudjoe, Leader of the Jamaican Maroons, Negotiates a Peace Treaty p481

14. 19 | 14 Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast Trade without colonization African impact Rise of Oyo and Asante The Bight of Biafra and Angola Environment, refugees and slavery Africa’s European and Islamic Contacts Trans-Saharan slave trade Cultural effects

15. The Atlantic Economy Map 19.1 p484

16. Slave Ship p485

17. The African Slave Trade, 1500–1800 Map 19.2 p486

18. West African States and Trade, 1500–1800 Map 19.3 p488

19. Luanda, Angola p490

20. Traders Approaching Timbuktu p491

21. Ayuba Suleiman Diallo p493