2. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 13 Basics of Electricity

3. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. We use and rely upon electrical appliances so we should understand what it is and how it works so we can use it wisely and safely. A basic understanding of electricity will allow you to properly use and take care of your tools and equipment. Electricity impacts other aspects of the salon environment such temperature of irons. Therefore, it impacts the services you offer your clients.ERVIES YOU OFFER YOUR CLIENTS Why is it important to study electricity?

4. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Opening Activity Divide into small groups. Discuss and record everything you did between waking up today and arriving for school. Indicate which tasks used electricity.

5. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electricity Electricity does not occupy space or have mass, so it is not matter. It is the movement of particles around an atom that creates pure energy. It is a form of energy that exhibits magnetic, chemical, or thermal effects when in motion.

6. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electricity (continued) CopperWater (tap, lake)metals Electric current is the flow of electricity along a conductor. All materials can be classified as conductors or nonconductors (Insulators). How easily a current can pass through them. A conductor is any material that conducts electricity. How easily it passes through. *pure (distilled) water is not a good conductor.

7. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. RubberSilkWood GlassCement A nonconductor or insulatior is material that does not transmit electricity. Electric wires are composed of twisted metal threads (conductor) covered with a rubber or plastic coating ( insulator).

8. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. A complete electric circuit is the path of negative and postive electric currents moving from a generated source through the conductors and back to the generating source. ELECTRIC CURRENTS

9. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Electric Current Direct current abbreviated DC, is a constant, even- flowing current that travels if one direction only and is produced by chemical means. A converter is a device that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) current. They usually have cords and plugs. They allow you to use appliances outside the salon or your home that normally have to be plugged into a wall outlet.

10. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Alternating current or AC current is a rapid and interrupted current, lowing first in one direction than in the opposite direction; it is produced by mechanical means and changes direction 60 times per second. A rectifier is a device that changes alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).

11. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Electric Current (continued)

12. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electrical Measurements Volt: Voltage (V) Is the unit that measures the force or pressure that pushes the electric current forward through a conductor. Car batteries =12volts Hair dryer=120 volts Clothes dryer=220 volts Higher volts=more power

13. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. AMPERE or AMP (A) The unit that measures the strength if an electric current. A higher amp rating indicates a greater number of electrons and a stronger current. Hair dryer rated 12 amps must have a cord twice as thick as one rated 6 amps otherwise the cord could overheat and catch fire.

14. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electrical Measurements (continued)

15. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. MILLIAMPERE (mA) Is 1/1000 of an ampere. The current of a facial and scalp treatments are measured in milliamps; amp would be to strong and cause damage to the skin or body.

16. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Is the measurement of resistance of an electrical current. Current will not flow through a conductor unless force(V) is stronger than resistance (O) OHM (O)

17. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. WATT(W) Is the measurement of how much electric energy is being used in one second. A 40- watt bulb uses 40 watts of energy per second. KILOWATT(K) Is 1,000 watts. The electricity in your home or salon is measured in kilowatts. A 1,000 hairdryer uses 1,000 watts per second.

18. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fuse- Prevents excessive current to pass through a circuit. Designed to blow-out or melt when wire becomes too hot from overloading the circuit. The fuse will need to be replaced to have electricity restored. This is used in older building that has not been renovated. Circuit Breaker- Is a switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric current at the first indication of overload. They have the same safety features as fuses but they do not need replaced just simply reset by switching the breaker back on.

19. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Safety Devices Fuse Circuit breaker

20. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electrical Equipment Safety Grounding- completes an electric current and carries the current safely away. All appliances have 2 prong plugs these supply current to circuit. Some has 3 prongs for added protection; this third prong is the grounding plug. It gives us the most protection.

21. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certifies the safety of electrical appliances. All curling irons, dryers, clippers, UV lamps, pedicure chairs, etc. should be UL approved and safe when following manufactures directions. Always look for the symbol on appliances and follow directions.

22. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hints for Safety Ensure UL certification. Read instructions. Disconnect when not in use. Inspect equipment regularly. Keep wires, plugs, equipment in good repair. Use one plug per outlet.

23. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. One Plug Per Outlet

24. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electrotherapy The use of electronic currents to treat the skin is commonly refered as electrotheraphy or electric facial treatments- –Modalities: The currents that produce different effects on the skin. Cosmetologists are concerned primarily with galvanic, sinusoidal, faradic, and tesla high-frequency currents. –Electrodes:Conduct the electric current from the machine to the client’s skin. Usually made of carbon, glass, or metal. Each modality requires two electrodes (one negative and one positive), except for the tesla high- frequency current.

25. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Polarity Polarity is the negative or positive pole of an electric current. Electrotherapy equipment has a negatively charged pole and a positively charged pole. Positive pole (anode, red): marked with a P and a plus (+) sign Negative pole (cathode, black): marked with an N or a minus (-) sign

26. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Galvanic Current Constant, direct current having a positive and negative pole and producing chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids of the body. Produces two actions: –Active electrode: used on area to be treated –Inactive electrode: opposite from active electrode

27. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Iontophoresis IONTOPHORESIS: The process of introducing water- soluble products in the skin with the use of electric current, such as the positive and negative poles of a galvanic machine. Cataphoresis: forces acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from positive toward negative poleCataphoresis Anaphoresis: forces liquids into tissues from negative toward positive poleAnaphoresis Desincrustation: used to soften and emulsify great deposits in hair follicles and poresDesincrustation

28. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Positive pole (anode) cataphoresis Negative pole (cathode) anaphoresis Produces acidic reactionsProduces alkaline reactions Closes the poresOpens the pores Soothes nervesStimulates and irritates the nerve Decreases blood supplyIncreases blood supply Contracts blood vesselsExpands blood vessels Hardens and firms tissueSoften tissues Effects of galvanic current

29. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Microcurrent An extremely low level of electricity that mirrors the body’s natural electrical impulses Benefits of microcurrent: Improves blood and lymph circulation Produces acidic and alkaline reactions Opens and closes hair follicles and pores Increases muscle tone Restores elasticity

30. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Reduces redness and inflammation Minimizes healing time for acne lesions Improves natural protective barrier of skin Increases metabolism Microcurrent Benefits (continued)

31. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tesla High-Frequency Current Characterized by high rate of oscillation or vibration and commonly called violet ray Used for scalp and facial treatments Used to treat thinning hair, itchy scalp, and excessively oily or dry skin and scalp Primarily heat producing Stimulating and soothing Usually made from glass or metal

32. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tesla Current Benefits Stimulates circulation of blood Aids in elimination and absorption Increases skin metabolism Improves germicidal actions Relieves skin congestion

33. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Electrical Equipment Hood dryers and heat lamps: Used to dry hair or shorten chemical-processing time. When used for chemical processing, hair is covered with aerated plastic cap. Ionic hair dryers and irons: Effective at combating static electricity. Curling and flat irons: Available in many types and sizes. Heating caps: Electrical devices that provide uniform heat when placed on head. Mainly used for corrective hair and scalp treatments.

34. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Processing and accelerating machines: Shorten the time it takes to process chemical hair services. They dispense a hot-water vapor inside hood. Haircolor processed at 90 degrees F will process twice as fast as at room temperature of 72 degrees. Steamers and vaporizers: Produce moist, uniform heat that can be applied to head and face. Light-therapy equipment: Includes lasers, light-emitting diodes (LED), and intense pulse light.

35. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Light Energy and Light Therapy Electromagnetic spectrum: the name given to all forms of energy. It is made up of radio waves, microwaves, light waves, S-rays, and gamma rays. Waves: energy moves through space on waves –Long wavelengths: have a low frequency –Short wavelengths: have a higher frequency

36. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Waveform The measurement of the distance between two wavelengths

37. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Long wavelengthsShort wavelengths Low frequencyHigh frequency Deeper penetrationLess penetration Less energyMore energy Long wavelengths compared with short wavelengths

38. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Visible Spectrum of Light Visible light spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen. Visible light makes up 35 percent of natural sunlight. Ultraviolet and infrared rays: invisible because their wavelengths are beyond the visible spectrum of light Invisible rays: make up 65 percent of natural sunlight

39. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Visible Spectrum of Light (continued) Violet has shortest wavelength. Red has longest wavelength. Infrared is just below red; ultraviolet is just above violet. Infrared and ultraviolet are not light; they are invisible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.

40. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Visible Spectrum of Light (continued)

41. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Natural Sunlight Natural sunlight is made up of three types of light: Visible light = 35 percent Invisible infrared light = 60 percent Invisible ultraviolet light = 5 percent

42. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Invisible Light The light at either end of the visible spectrum of light that is invisible to the naked eye Before the visible violet light of the spectrum is ultraviolet, the shortest and least penetrating light of the spectrum. Beyond visible red light is infrared, which produces heat.

43. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ultraviolet (UV) Light Invisible Has short wavelength for higher energy Less penetrating than visible light Accelerates chemical reactions Produces less heat than visible light Kills germs and prompts skin to produce Vitamin D Overexposure to causes premature aging

44. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of UV Light UVA: has the longest wavelength of the UV light spectrum and penetrates dermis; damages collagen and elastin UVB: often called the burning light; frequently associated with sunburns; can cause skin cancers UVC: blocked by the ozone layer

45. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Infrared Light Used mainly for hair conditioning treatments and to process color Has longer wavelengths Penetrates deeply Makes up 60 percent of natural sunlight Used to warm muscles Can diminish signs of aging

46. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Light Versus Heat and Energy Catalysts: used to speed up chemical reactions; some use heat and absorb energy like a battery; they pass energy to an initiator and reaction begins Light therapy: also known as phototherapy; the application of light rays to skin for hair removal or treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, or pigmentation.

47. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lasers Acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Photothermolysis: turns light from laser into heatPhotothermolysis Can remove blood vessels and tattoos Can disable hair follicles Can eliminate some wrinkles

48. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. How Lasers Work By means of a medium (solid, liquid, gas) Medium emits light when stimulated by power. Reflective surfaces in chamber create light. Light passes back and forth and gains energy.

49. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Laser Hair Removal

50. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Light-Emitting Diode (LED) A medical device used to reduce acne, increase skin circulation, and improve collagen content in the skin Releases light onto skin Stimulates specific responses at precise depths of skin tissues Seeks chromophore (color component within skin such as blood or melanin)chromophore Tissue depth triggers reaction

51. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Red light LED increases circulation and improves collagen and elastin production. Yellow light LED reduces swelling and inflammation. Green light LED reduces hyperpigmentation. Blue light LED reduces acne and bacteria. LED Effects (continued)

52. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Beneficial Effects of LED Therapy

53. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

54. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Light Therapy Contraindications Light sensitivities Phototoxic reactions Taking antibiotics Has cancer or epilepsy Pregnancy Under physician’s care

55. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Intense Pulse Light Device that uses multiple colors and wavelengths (broad spectrum) of focused light to treat spider veins, hyperpigmentation, rosacea and redness, wrinkles, enlarged hair follicles and pores, and excessive hair Treatments are provided under the supervision of a physician.

56. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary and Review Define electric current. Electric current is the flow of electricity along a conductor. Explain the difference between a conductor and a nonconductor (insulator). A conductor is any substance that conducts electricity, such as metal, copper, or ordinary water. A nonconductor, or insulator, is a material that does not transmit electricity easily, such as rubber, silk, wood, glass, and cemen

57. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Describe the two types of electric current and give examples of each. Direct current (DC) is a constant, even-flowing current that travels in one direction only. Examples are flashlights, mobile telephones, and cordless hairstyling tools. All use batteries. Alternating current (AC) is a rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction. Examples are corded hair dryers, curling irons, electric files, and table lamps. All plug into a wall outlet.

58. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Explain the difference between a volt and an amp. A volt is the unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes electricity through a conductor. An amp is the unit that measures the strength of an electric current.

59. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Define ohm. An ohm is a unit that measures the resistance of an electric current. Current will not flow through a conductor unless the force (volts) is stronger than the resistance (ohms). Define watt and kilowatt. A watt is a measurement of how much electric energy is being used in one second. A kilowatt (K) is 1,000 watts. Explain the function of a fuse. A fuse prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit. It is designed to blow out or melt when the wire becomes too hot from overloading the circuit with too much current, such as when too many appliances or faulty equipment are connected to an electricity source. Summary and Review (continued)

60. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. What is the purpose of a circuit breaker? A circuit breaker is a switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication of an overload. Circuit breakers have replaced fuses in modern electric circuits. They have all the safety features of fuses but do not require replacement and can simply be reset. What is the purpose of grounding? The purpose of grounding is to complete an electric circuit and carry the current safely away.

61. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. List at least five steps to take for electrical safety. All the electrical appliances you use should be UL certified. Read all instructions carefully before using any piece of electrical equipment. Disconnect all appliances when not in use. Inspect all electrical equipment regularly. Keep all wires, plugs, and electrical equipment in good repair. Use only one plug for each outlet; overloading may cause the circuit breaker to pop. If more than one plug is needed in an area, use a power strip with a surge protector. Avoid contact, for both you and your client, with water and metal surfaces when using electricity, and do not handle electrical equipment with wet hands. Do not leave your client unattended while connected to an electrical device. Keep electrical cords off the floor and away from people’s feet; getting tangled in a cord could cause you or your client to trip. Do not attempt to clean around electric outlets while equipment is plugged in. Summary and Review (continued)

62. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. List and describe the two main electric modalities (currents) used in cosmetology. The two main electric modalities (currents) used in cosmetology are: Galvanic current: A constant and direct current. It has a positive and negative pole and produces chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids of the body. Tesla high-frequency current: A thermal or heat- producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration. It is commonly called violet ray and is used for scalp and facial treatments. It does not produce muscle contractions. The effects of this type of current can be either stimulating or soothing, depending on the method of application.

63. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. What are electromagnetic radiation, visible light, and white light? Electromagnetic radiation: Also known as visible light and radiant energy. It carries, or radiates, energy through space on waves. These waves are similar to those caused when a stone is dropped on the surface of water. Visible light: Also known as electromagnetic radiation. It is the primary source of light used in facial and scalp treatments. It can be seen. Visible light makes up 35 percent of natural sunlight. White light: Referred to as combination light because it is a combination of all the visible lights of the spectrum. It also has the benefits of all the lights of the visible spectrum. Summary and Review (continued)

64. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. List and describe the two main types of light therapy. The two main types of light therapy are: Infrared light: Makes up 60 percent of natural sunlight. It has longer wavelengths, penetrates the deepest, has less energy, and produces more heat than visible light. Ultraviolet (UV) light: Also referred to as cold light or actinic light and makes up 5 percent of natural sunlight. UV light is the least penetrating, produces chemical effects, kill germs, and prompts skin to produce Vitamin D..

65. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Name two important precautions to observe when using light theropy. Two important precautions to observe when using light therapy are: Always protect the client’s eyes. The cosmetologist should wear safety goggles. Avoid overexposure to UV rays. It can produce painful burns and blistering, increase risk of skin cancer, and cause premature aging.

66. © Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Congratulations! You have completed one unit of study toward course completion.