1. Industrialism Spreads 9.3 Mrs. Stoffl

2. Setting the Stage Great Britain’s Industrial Revolution began to spread elsewhere. o Specifically the U.S. and thru/out Europe o The best instances of industrialism came in countries that had similar conditions to that of Europe. Factors of production (Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship).

3. Objectives Understand the spread of the Industrial Revolution in North America and in Europe Compare and contrast the different industrial movements

4. Industrial Development in the United States United States had all the necessary resources: o Rivers o Lots of coal and iron ore o Laborers of farmers and immigrants During the War of 1812 England blockaded the U.S o ∴ the U.S. was forced to develop its own goods that it could no longer import

5. Industrial Development in the United States Industrialization began in the textile industry o Britain forbade its inventors from emigrating (leaving to go live in another country) o BUT – in 1789 Samuel Slater, just a mill worker, emigrated to the U.S. and built a spinning machine from memory Moses Brown – Opened the first factory in the U.S. in RI to hold Slater’s machine o Solely produced thread

6. Industrial Development in the United States Francis Cabot Lowell (1813) – mechanized each stage of making cloth Built a weaving factory in MA → Lowell, Massachusetts o Booming manufacturing center for textiles Mill girls: young single women who left home to work in the factory o Earned a bit higher wages and had some independence but closely watched by their employers o 12 hours/day, 6 days/week

7. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry Despite this early instance of growth: The U.S. remained primarily agricultural until the end of the 1800s. Industrial/technological boom in the U.S. after the Civil War ended (1865). o light bulb o telephone Railroads also led to rapid expansion in the U.S. o Chicago’s stockyards flourished due to its position along rail lines

8. The Rise of Corporations To build new businesses and industries it required a lot of $$$ ∴ to raise $, entrepreneurs sold shares of stock o partial rights of ownership to a company o ppl that bought stock became part-owners of the company All those w/ stock became part of that corporation o A business owned by stockholders who share the profits but are not personally responsible for its debts o Also not responsible for its problems → cannot sue the stockholders Due to the sold stocks corporations were able to raise a lot of $ to invest in and grow their company!

9. The Rise of Corporations Standard Oil and John D. Rockefeller o Cleveland, OH Carnegie Steel Company and Andrew Carnegie o Pittsburgh, PA Workers experienced the same poor working conditions

10. Continental Europe Industrializes Europeans seek to adopt the “British Miracle” BUT the French Rev. and Napoleonic wars halted industrialization in the rest of Europe Creates a large industrial gap between Britain and the rest of the continent...

11. Beginnings in Belgium Belgium was the first country after Britain to industrialize. o Being small and compact, its coal and iron deposits were near each other. o William Cockerill brought knowledge of industrialism from England Its government also established a national railroad in 1834 to tie the nation closer together.

12. Germany Industrializes Germany did not seriously start industrializing until after unification in 1871 Once unified, Germany saw an exponential rise in its industrial strength. Steel production doubled every decade from 1870 to 1900, o Even passed Great Britain in the 1890's. Its railroad mileage increased from 3,500 miles in 1850 to 26,000 miles by 1900.

13. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe Industrialization in the rest of Europe (as was the case in Germany) went region by region not state by state France maintained a strong agricultural economy while still industrializing ( after1830) o ∴ less of the economic problems than other areas Other European countries just did not have ALL of the factors of production so their industries lagged behind.

14. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe

15. The Impact of Industrialization The Rise of Global Inequality o Industrialization widened the wealth gap b/w industrialized + nonindustrialized countries o To keep a steady flow of natural resources industrial countries turn to poorer countries for their resources. Colonies and the birth of Imperialism Transformation of Society o Health, wealth, well-being and life expectancy greatly improves for industrial countries o Nonindustrial countries remain agricultural + less advanced.