1. Children’s Outcomes Research Program The Children’s Hospital Denver, CO Children’s Outcomes Research Program The Children’s Hospital Denver, CO Colorado Health Outcomes Program U. Colo. at Denver and HSC Aurora, CO The Impact of Influenza Vaccine Shortages on Pediatricians During the 2004-2005 Influenza Season Matthew F. Daley, MD

2.  Allison Kempe, MD, MPH (PI)  Brenda L. Beaty, MSPH  Miriam Dickinson, PhD  Jennifer Barrow, MSPH  Christine Babbel, MSPH  John Steiner, MD, MPH  Arthur Davidson, MD, MSPH  Stephen Berman, MD  Lori A. Crane, PhD, MPH  Shannon Stokley, MSPH Vaccine Policy Collaborative Initiative CDC Collaborator

3. Study Objectives To assess, in a national survey of pediatricians, the impact of the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage on: Vaccine ordering, supplies, and redistribution Vaccination and referral practices Future vaccination plans

4. Study Setting  Survey period: March – June 2005  Conducted in a sentinel physician network, developed as part of the Vaccine Policy Collaborative Initiative

5. Creation of Sentinel Physician Network (1)  Goal: develop group of physicians, representative of primary care pediatricians nationwide, to rapidly respond to immunization- related surveys  Demographic data from American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) periodic survey used to create a matrix of expected proportions of U.S. pediatricians by: Region of country (NE, S, MW, W) Location (inner-city, non-inner-city/suburban, rural) Setting (private, managed care, community/hospital- based)

6. Creation of Sentinel Physician Network (2)  Proportions from this matrix used to determine sampling quotas for each of 36 “cells,” based on targeted study population of 400 physicians  To develop network, participants recruited from random sample of 2500 AAP members  Respondents were placed into sampling cells based on their region, location, and setting: Respondents practicing < 50% primary care excluded For cells with excess (> 110% predicted) respondents, a subset randomly selected for study For cells with too few (< 90% predicted) respondents, an additional recruitment attempt was made

7.  Final Sentinel Network 427 pediatricians 28 of 36 cells (78%) with expected number of physicians 8 cells underrepresented by 15 physicians total (range: 1-4 physicians underrepresented per cell)  Immunization-related attitudes of this network found to be generally comparable to attitudes of pediatricians randomly sampled from the American Medical Association (AMA) masterfile (Crane LA et al, Poster # 120) Creation of Sentinel Physician Network (3)

8. Survey Design  Pilot-tested in community advisory panel, a group of 6 pediatricians from throughout U.S.  Conceptual areas: Experiences with vaccine ordering, redistribution, and supplies Vaccination practices, particularly regarding prioritizing vaccine and referring patients elsewhere for vaccination Future vaccination plans

9. Survey Administration  Surveyed by either internet or mail, depending on preference  Internet (n=163 total): Web-based (Zoomerang, Mill Valley, CA) Emails with links to survey sent Up to 9 emails sent over a 6-week period  Mail (n=264 total): Paper-based, self-administered Up to 3 surveys sent over a 6-week period

10. RESULTS: Survey Response  352 of 427 (82%) responded  4 respondents did not give influenza vaccine in their practices, and were excluded from further analyses  Respondents were not significantly different from non-respondents with respect to: Mean age Practice setting (i.e. private, other) Practice location (i.e. inner-city, suburban, rural) Region of the country

11. Additional Characteristics of Respondents’ Practices Respondents (n=352) Location of practice Urban, inner-city10% Non-inner-city/suburban74% Rural16% Proportion 2-18 y.o. patients with chronic illness < 10%42% 10-24%49%  25% 9%

12. Results: Objective 1  To assess the impact of the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage on vaccine ordering, supplies, and redistribution

13. Prior to 2004-2005 Shortage, Which Vaccines Did Respondents Order, and From Whom? (n=328) Note: 6% did not order vaccine prior to shortage or did not know source of vaccine

14. After learning about vaccine shortages, respondents purchased or were given additional injectable vaccine… Directly from manufacturer (i.e. Aventis-Pasteur)16% Directly from another practice14% From public health entity (e.g. public health dept.)23% From another source8% From ONE OR MORE above sources48%

15. After learning about vaccine shortages, respondents gave away or sold vaccine… To another practice29% To a public health entity15% To other entities8% To ONE OR MORE above sources37%

16. Percent Who Experienced a Vaccine Shortage for High-Risk Patients at Some Point During 2004-2005 No Shortage 57% (n=194) Shortage 43% (n=145)

17. Among Respondents who Experienced Shortage for High-Risk Patients (n=145), Shortage Months

18. By End of Season, Proportion of Total Doses Ordered Prior to Shortage That Were Received (n=328)

19. Proportion of Total Doses Received That Were Left Over at the End of Season

20. Results: Objective 2  To assess the impact of the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage on vaccination and referral practices

21. Vaccination Practices  Means used to encourage influenza vaccination during the 2004-2005 season: Mail/phone reminders to targeted groups: 58% Extended hours: 58% Vaccination given at office visits made for other purposes: 96% Vaccination without an appointment: 50%

22. Vaccination Practices: Prioritization Priority Given (Among Respondents Who Gave Vaccine to Group) GroupGave Vaccine LowModerateHigh Children 6-23 months old95%2%19%79% Persons w/ high-risk conditions98%1%5%94% Healthy persons ≥ 2 years old29%79%18%3% Contacts of high-risk groups62%20%59%21% Contacts of infants < 6 months old63%15%44%41%

23. Referral Practices  Because of the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage, high-risk patients referred to: Another practice: 13% A public health clinic: 41% A pharmacy, supermarket, or other business: 22% Another location: 6% To ONE OR MORE above locations: 47%

24. How Did 2004-2005 Season Compare with the Previous Season? Many/ somewhat more About the same Many/ somewhat fewer Number of high-risk patients immunized (04-05 vs. 03-04) 50%40%9% Number of unimmunized patients with serious influenza complications (04-05 vs. 03-04) 8%51%40% Number of unimmunized patients given antivirals (04-05 vs. 03-04) 26%47%27%

25. Results: Objective 3  To assess the impact of the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage on future vaccination plans

26. Plans for the 2005-2006 Influenza Season  99.7% of respondents plan to give influenza vaccine in their practice  Of those planning to give vaccine in 2005-2006 : 59% plan to order more doses 47% plan to order earlier in season 14% plan to not schedule influenza clinics 43% plan to make practice changes to allow better targeting of high-risk patients

27. Limitations  Sentinel physician network was designed to be representative of AAP overall; it is possible network differed from AAP members in some way that was not measured  Possible that survey non-respondents had different experiences with vaccine shortages than did respondents  Reports of vaccine supplies based on physician estimates and were not verified  “If you have seen one influenza season, you’ve seen one influenza season.”

28. Conclusions  During 2004-2005, fewer than one-half of surveyed pediatricians experienced influenza vaccine shortages for high-risk patients  Wide variation in vaccine supplies: Most received the majority of vaccine ordered 10% received less than one-half of their ordered doses 49% had vaccine left over at end of season  There was extensive redistribution of vaccine and referral of patients, primarily involving the public health system

29. Conclusions (2)  The vast majority of surveyed pediatricians (91%) estimated that the same number or more of their high- risk patients received influenza vaccine in 2004-2005 compared with the prior year  Pediatricians placed a higher priority on immunizing children with high-risk conditions and young children than on immunizing contacts of high-risk groups  Almost all surveyed pediatricians plan to provide influenza vaccination in 2005-2006, with 59% planning to order more doses

30. Acknowledgments This investigation was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the Rocky Mountain Prevention Research Center, Denver, CO