1. D.1.U7 Appetite is controlled by a centre in the hypothalamus. Appetite is controlled the appetite control center in the hypothalamus Some of the ways the hypothalamus receives input that you are full: When stomach is full it stimulates vagus nerve that sends the message to stop eating Hormones (PYY3-36) Hormone (leptin) Adipose tissue

2. D.1.U8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. An unhealthy diet can lead to malnutrition where an excess of nutrients is consumed – fats and refined carbohydrates Consumption of excess fats and refined carbs causes individuals to become overweight. Two nutrition related diseases that overweight individuals are more likely to suffer from are: 1.Hypertension 2.Type II diabetes http://thatsugarfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fats- 800x552.jpg One way to determine if your weight is appropriate is to calculate your BMI

3. An alternative to calculating the BMI is a nomogram. Simply use a ruler to draw a line from the body mass (weight) to the height of a person. Where it intersects the W/H 2 line the person’s BMI can be determined. Now use the table to assess their BMI status. http://helid.digicollection.org/documents/h0211e/p434.gif BMIStatus Below 18.5Underweight 18.5 – 24.9Normal 25.0 – 29.9Overweight 30.0 and Above Obese 2.3.S2 Determination of body mass index by calculation or use of a nomogram.

4. D.1.U8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. There is a correlation between excessive weight gain and hypertension (high blood pressure) *Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (mL blood/minute) Weight gain is associated with: o Higher cardiac output which can raise blood pressure o Abdominal obesity can increase vascular resistance which can raise blood pressure (harder to push blood through circulatory system) o Arteries becoming stiffer and narrower which can raise blood pressure http://thatsugarfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fats- 800x552.jpg

5. D.1.U8 Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. There is also a positive correlation between developing type II diabetes and the occurrence of obesity Type II diabetes occurs when cells become resistant to the normal effect of insulin and when there is a decrease in insulin production. Why this occurs is unknown; however, there are some contributing factors: Diets rich in fat and low in fiber Obesity due to overeating and lack of exercise Genetic factors which affect fat metabolism o Rates of type II diabetes varies greatly between ethnic groups - less than 2% in China to 50% among Pima Indians (Arizona) http://thatsugarfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/processed-food-fats- 800x552.jpg Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S.

6. D.1.A5 Cholesterol in blood as an indicator of the risk of coronary heart disease. Research has shown a correlation between high levels of cholesterol in blood plasma and increased risk of coronary heart disease http://www.eatdrinkbewell.com/2014/10/qotw-what-do-i-do-for-high- cholesterol.html “Good Cholesterol”: High Density Lipoproteins Transport triglycerides out of the blood and so reduce the risk of CHD. “Bad Cholesterol”: Low Density Lipoproteins Raise blood triglyceride levels and blood pressure, increasing risk of CHD. Excessive cholesterol in the blood can lead to atherosclerosis, a disease where plaque builds up in your arteries. Cholesterol can help to form these plaques and as plaques continue to form they make the inside of the artery smaller and smaller. When plaques form in the coronary arteries it can lead to heart attack.

7. D.1.U9 Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue. When the body is deficient in many nutrients, essential and non-essential, starvation occurs. Effects of starvation on the body: First glycogen stores in the liver and muscles will be used until exhausted Next body fat will be used Lastly the body will begin to break down protein, beginning with skeletal muscle The Minnesota Experiment “During World War Two, conscientious objectors in the US and the UK were asked to volunteer for medical research. In one project in the US, young men were starved for six months to help experts decide how to treat victims of mass starvation in Europe. “ http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25782294 http://www.ibtime s.co.uk/violent- conflict-mass- displacement- starvation-dire- climate-change- impacts-expected- by-2100-1440743

8. D.1.U9 Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue. HUNGER STATS 1.Some 795 million people in the world do not have enough food to lead a healthy active life. That's about one in nine people on earth. 2.The vast majority of the world's hungry people live in developing countries, where 12.9 percent of the population is undernourished. 3.Asia is the continent with the most hungry people - two thirds of the total. The percentage in southern Asia has fallen in recent years but in western Asia it has increased slightly. 4.Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest prevalence (percentage of population) of hunger. One person in four there is undernourished. 5.Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five - 3.1 million children each year. 6.One out of six children -- roughly 100 million -- in developing countries is underweight. 7. One in four of the world's children are stunted. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one in three. 8. If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million. 9.66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone. 10.WFP calculates that US$3.2 billion is needed per year to reach all 66 million hungry school-age children https://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats

9. D.1.A4 Breakdown of heart muscle due to anorexia. Anorexia means “reduced appetite” Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric illness that involves voluntary starvation and sometimes excessive exercise. Individuals with this disorder have an obsession with their body image and an ideal weight that is far too low. The same effects of starvation occur here with wasting of muscle tissue for energy. The cardiac muscle can also begin to deteriorate and damage to valves is also possible. Lack of nutrition also causes an imbalance in ions and minerals that are essential for muscle contraction. Patients tend to experience reduced blood pressure, slower heart rate and reduced heart output.

10. Read the following article and write a summary (1/2 page): What Happens To The Body And Mind When Starvation Sets In? http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/01/20/4 63710330/what-happens-to-the-body-and-mind-when- starvation-sets-in