1. Special Nutritional Needs and Eating Patterns

2. Special Nutritional Needs: ATHLETES Carbonated drinks and sports drinks are different because athletes rely on sports drinks to replace lost body fluids. Joseph drank liquids while playing football, but he is going to need another mineral in his body so his muscles won’t cramp…that mineral is potassium. Aaron plays sports. The BEST meal for him to eat for high performance during the game would be complex carbohydrates three hours before competition.

3. Special Nutritional Needs: PRENATAL Brandy is pregnant. The doctor tells her to eat foods that are high in energy…a good choice would be lasagna. A major factor contributing to infertility among women of child-bearing age is obesity. A woman’s diet who is breast-feeding should be modified to include extra carbohydrates and water.

4. Special Nutritional Needs: PRENATAL A nutritional need during breast feeding/lactation is to increase dairy products. The stage of the life cycle that requires one increase iron intake, folic acid and calorie intake is during pregnancy/lactation. An example of a nutritional need during the prenatal period low-salt foods.

5. Special Nutritional Needs: TODDLERS/YOUNG CHILDREN Cow’s milk for infants 0-6 months of age should be avoided. An example of a healthy food choice for a toddler is eating brightly colored fruits and vegetables. A good strategy for meeting the food needs of toddlers is to introduce new food textures and flavors one at the time.

6. Special Nutritional Needs: TODDLERS/YOUNG CHILDREN The stage of the Life Cycle that suggests that one avoid foods that produce common food allergies would during infancy/early childhood.

7. Special Nutritional Needs: OBESITY and WEIGHT MANAGEMENT If a person is on a diet to lose weight and cut back on saturated fatty acids, he/she should eat less candy and cake with coconut and palm oil. A person on a low-calorie diet should select coffee with sugar substitute. A cause of obesity may be drinking diet sodas while continuing to eat high-calorie foods. Excessive amounts of fat impact the body through obesity.

8. Special Nutritional Needs: OBESITY and WEIGHT MANAGEMENT A major factor contributing to obesity among teenagers is that teens tend to choose many foods that are high in sugars, starches and fats. To cut calories, a person should select a dessert such as a fresh fruit cup. Healthy snacks are higher in fiber. Carrying an armful of wood uphill into one’s home is an example of heavy activity which helps with weight management.

9. Special Nutritional Needs: VARIOUS EATING PLANS and ALLERGENS A primary concern and health risk related to Caribbean eating plans is protein. The primary concern and health risk related to an Asian eating plan is stomach cancer. The primary benefit of a Hispanic eating plan is the ingredients are healthy, full of fiber, and fresh. Common food allergens would be tofu, shrimp, bread (gluten), and nuts.

10. Special Nutritional Needs: EATING DISORDERS A symptom of bulimia nervosa may be stained teeth. A symptom of anorexia nervosa may be one is very thin. Anorexia nervosa is defined as the intense fear of gaining weight, although a person may already be thin. Beth often does not eat with her friends at lunch and eats only lettuce for dinner. Beth may suffer from an eating disorder.

11. Special Nutritional Needs: EATING DISORDERS Many teenaged students feel pressure to fit in with their peers and practice self-destructive habits. This would exemplify depression. Molly looks normal, but she is taking diet pills and often is found in the restroom purging after meals. Molly may suffer from bulimia nervosa. Todd runs track and is constantly worried about gaining weight. He eats nutrition bars for regular meals and works out for 3 hours daily. Todd may suffer from anorexia nervosa.

12. Special Nutritional Needs: CHRONIC ILLNESSES and DISEASES Walking and climbing stairs can help prevent osteoporosis. Oatmeal would have a positive impact on reducing high cholesterol. A cause of high blood pressure may be excessive salt in the diet. Marcus has hypertension. The doctor has told him to check for sodium on food labels. Raisin bran cereal is a breakfast food most likely to prevent colon cancer.

13. Special Nutritional Needs: CHRONIC ILLNESSES and DISEASES High blood cholesterol is caused by eating fatty foods, high cholesterol foods and a lack of fiber in the diet. Type II Diabetes causes one to have excessive thirst and fatigue. Hypertension causes one to have an elevated heart rate and shortness of breath. Osteoporosis is a result of a lack of calcium and exercise and causes brittle bones, hormonal changes and deficiency of vitamin D.

14. Special Nutritional Needs: OTHER FACTORS An example of nutritional needs for adults 50 years of age and older is to increase B complex, vitamin D and calcium. A teenage male with diabetes would need to reduce his sodium intake to 1500 mg. Teens and adults should always avoid foods high in fat and high sugar. Adults/older adults should avoid fatty foods, excessive sodium and sugar.

15. Nutritional Needs Through the Life Cycle Nutritional needs impact food choices, both positive and negative, over one’s life cycle and are essential for one’s good health. Each stage of a person’s life cycle is affected by his/her diet. Reasons for a healthy diet: 1. Prevent and overcome health problems 2. Lengthen life span

16. LIFE CYCLES/STAGES: Pregnancy/Lactation - Need to increase iron intake, folic acid and caloric intake - Avoid raw fish, unpasteurized dairy products, and excessive caffeine

17. LIFE CYCLES/STAGES: Infancy/Early Childhood - Need to increase nutrient-dense formulas, breast milk (colostrum), easy-to- digest solid foods - Avoid foods that produce common food allergies

18. LIFE CYCLES/STAGES: Preschool - Need a balanced diet, two cups of dairy daily, increased iron and calcium, and daily activity based on age, health, and body size - Avoid high-sugar snacks and fatty foods

19. LIFE CYCLES/STAGES: School-Age Children - Need a balanced diet, three servings of dairy daily, daily activity based on age, health and body size - Avoid high-sugar snacks and fatty foods

20. LIFE CYCLES/STAGES: Teen-aged Children: - Need a balanced diet, three servings of dairy daily, daily activity based on age, health and body size, girls need increase iron intake, boys should increase caloric intake - Avoid sugary soft drinks, “Empty” calorie foods and fatty foods

21. LIFE CYCLES/STAGES: Adults/Older Adults - Need a balanced diet, three servings of dairy daily, daily activity based on age, health and body size, increase fiber - Avoid fatty foods, excessive sodium and sugar

22. CHRONIC CONDITIONS and DISEASES Can be reduced or cured by making healthier food choices One may have to follow a special eating plan or medical nutrition therapy

23. High Blood Cholesterol Causes: eating fatty foods, high cholesterol foods and a lack of fiber in the diet Symptoms: elevated blood pressure and HDL/LDL levels Foods to Include: low-fat/fat-free foods, whole grains, lean meats, fish and fresh fruits/veggies

24. Hypertension/High Blood Pressure Causes: eating foods with a high sodium or fat content; low consumption of foods containing calcium, potassium, and magnesium Symptoms: elevated heart rate, shortness of breath with exertion Foods to include: low- sodium foods, fresh fruits/veggies, whole grains

25. Obesity Causes: eating high-fat content and low- nutrient foods, eating oversized portions, limited physical activity, inherited genetic traits Symptoms: increased health problems, elevated BMI rating Foods to include: reduced-fat/fat free foods, whole grains, lean meats, fish, fresh fruits/veggies, smaller portion sizes

26. Diabetes Type II Causes: eating foods high in sugar, excessive body weight, low consumption of fiber Symptoms: excessive thirst and fatigue Foods to include: low- sugar and sugar-free, whole grains, protein foods, reduce-fat/fat free

27. Osteoporosis Causes: lack of calcium and exercise Symptoms: brittle bones/bones that break easily, hormonal changes, deficiency of Vitamin D Foods to include: calcium and vitamin- enriched foods, foods high in phosphorous, dark green leafy veggies

28. EATING DISORDERS Self-destructive condition created by emotions, attitudes and behaviors related to food, eating and weight

29. Anorexia Nervosa The intense fear of gaining weight, although already thin Causes: an unrealistic body image, peer pressure to be thin Symptoms: eating rituals, extensive exercise and obsession with dieting

30. Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by two traits: Binge eating followed by purging Purging includes the abuse of laxatives, diet pills and diuretics; Bulimics often stay within 10 to 15 pounds of a healthy weight Causes: guilt associated with overeating, desire to control weight by any means Symptoms: tooth decay, blistered hands, ruptured esophagus

31. Binge Eating Characterized by eating abnormally large amounts of food in a short time Causes: feeling depressed or guilt Symptoms: consuming 3000 to 5000 calories a day; excessive weight gain

32. Vegetarian Eating Plans Vegan: eat only food from plant sources Advantages: diet is high in fiber and low in saturated fats Disadvantages: diet may lack Vitamin D and B12

33. Vegetarian Eating Plans Lacto-Vegetarian: eat foods from plant sources and dairy products Advantages: diet is high in calcium Disadvantages: diet may lack some nutrients vital for pregnant women and young children

34. Vegetarian Eating Plans Ovo-Vegetarian: eat foods from plant sources and eggs Advantages: eggs are high as a good alternative protein source Disadvantages: whole eggs contain cholesterol and should be limited

35. Vegetarian Eating Plans Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian: eat foods from plant sources, dairy products and eggs Advantages: milk and eggs are good sources for protein and most vitamins and minerals Disadvantages: whole egg and milk both contain cholesterol and should be limited

36. FOOD ALLERGIES Abnormal response to certain foods by the body’s immune system; a trace of the food can cause serious health problems and even death The FDA requires that all food allergens be clearly identified on food labels Examples: milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy, shellfish