1. Today’s Agenda April 8, 2016 Super Moon Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution 1.Evolution Notes Part III 5 principles of evolution 1.Evolution Notes Part III 5 principles of evolution

2. Today’s Agenda April 11, 2016 Understanding Cladograms Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution 1.Evolution Notes Part II 5 principles of evolution 1.Evolution Notes Part II 5 principles of evolution

3. Evolution Notes: Part 2

4. First Theory of Evolution First developed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck & was known as the ‘Theory of Acquired Characteristics’ Principles of Lamarck’s Theory: – a. “offspring are born with traits from their parents that the parent developed during their lifetime ” Ex: Elephants used to have short trunks but water and food became difficult for them to reach. They stretched their trunks to reach the water and food better. Their offspring were then born with longer trunks. – b. Evolution is a predetermined plan. The results have already been decided.

5. First Theory of Evolution Lamarck’s theory is not accepted. It was replaced by Darwin’s theory. Does Lamarck’s theory make sense? What’s wrong with his theory? was correct in that offspring are born with traits from their parents was incorrect in that those traits that are developed over time can be passed on to their offspring Lamarck did not understand heredity (genes) was correct in that offspring are born with traits from their parents was incorrect in that those traits that are developed over time can be passed on to their offspring Lamarck did not understand heredity (genes)

6. Today’s Accepted Theory of Evolution Developed by Charles Darwin It is called the ‘Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection’ There are 5 main points to this theory

7. Darwin first developed his theory by studying organisms in South America & the Galapagos Islands. He published his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

8. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection Five (5) Principles

9. Principle #1 #1: Organisms produce more offspring than can survive - This is to increase the chance that some will survive to pass on genes, which is the goal of all living things.

10. Example 1: Frogs What could happen to some of these offspring? Example 2: Peppered Moths What could have happened to these moths?

11. Principle #2 #2: Variations are found among individuals of a species What is a Variation?

12. A variation is a difference between members of the same species. – For example, fur color in squirrels & body color in moths. Black Variation White Speckled Variation

13. Principle #3 #3: Variations are passed down to offspring These baby squirrels inherited their grey color from their parents

14. Generation 1 has both black and white speckled moths surviving Both Generations 2 & 3 have black and white speckled moths because both variations were passed down from Generation 1.

15. Principle #4 #4: Some variations allow members of a population to survive and reproduce better than others. *These are called adaptations - Helpful Variations!* Which variation is the adaptation? Why? Grey Eastern Grey Albino Easter Grey Black Eastern Grey Squirrel Squirrel Squirrel

16. Before Industrial Revolution, the white speckled variation was the helpful trait (camouflage). During Industrial Revolution, the black variation was the helpful trait (camouflage).

17. Principle #5 #5: Over time, offspring of individuals with helpful variations make up more and more of a population

18. Points of Natural Selection… 1.The environment does not cause INDIVIDUALS to change. 1.The environment causes an entire SPECIES to change by changing the circumstances by which the variations survive. This changes the population of one of the variations!

19. Points of Natural Selection… 3.In other words, a whole SPECIES ADAPT and INDIVIDUALS either SURVIVE or DIE. 3. If all the INDIVIDUALS DIE, the SPECIES goes EXTINCT (could not adapt).

20. Today’s Agenda April 11, 2016 Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution 1.Natural Selection in Action Galapagos Peppered Moth Rock Pocket Mouse 1.Natural Selection in Action Galapagos Peppered Moth Rock Pocket Mouse Understanding Cladograms

21. The Elephant Man- Proteus Syndrome Less than 1 in a million people A few hundred reported cases A genetic RANDOM mutation NOT inherited Cells are UNABLE to regulate their growth Abnormal growth of fatty tissue, bones & skin Joseph Merrick

22. Natural Selection in Action Galapagos Island Finches: Peppered Moths Rock Pocket Mouse:

23. Today’s Agenda April 12, 2016 Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution Homework Answer Questions on the 5 Principles of Evolution 1.Natural Selection in Action Galapagos Peppered Moth Rock Pocket Mouse 1.Natural Selection in Action Galapagos Peppered Moth Rock Pocket Mouse Understanding Cladograms

24. Homework Questions 1.Why can’t a horse and a donkey be in the same species? 1.Why Lamarck’s ‘Theory of Acquired Characteristics’ is wrong? 1.Why do organisms produce more offspring than can survive? They can NOT produce fertile offspring. Traits are NOT developed during adulthood. To INCREASE the odds that some will SURVIVE to pass on their genes

25. Homework Questions 4a. Write the definition for variation. 4b. Give at least 2 examples of variations in a population of humans. A DIFFERECE between members of the SAME species Hair color, eye color, skin color

26. Homework Questions 5a. Write a definition for ‘adaptation’. 5b. State an example of an adaptation that a squirrel has. Explain why it is an adaptation. A variation that allows members of a population to survive and reproduce better than others Color of fur helps to blend in with surroundings (camouflage)

27. Homework Questions 6. Explain why albinism is NOT an adaptation. 7. Below are 3 individuals of the species Eastern Grey Squirrel. Which is the least likely to survive in any environment? Why? It’s NOT adventageous Grey Eastern Grey Albino Easter Grey Black Eastern Grey Squirrel Squirrel Squirrel

28. 1. Why do organisms produce more offspring than can survive? Organisms produce more offspring than can survive to INCREASE the chances that an offspring will survive and pass on the parent’s genes.

30. 2. Define variation: Give an example of variations in a population of snakes. Variation is a difference in members of the same species. Examples of variations are colors and patterns of a snake’s skin.

31. 3. Define adaptation: A. Give an example of an adaptation that a snake has. Explain why it is an adaptation. An adaptation is a HELPFUL variation. An example of an adaptation that a snake has is a flexible jaws, rattling, and hissing

32. 4. There are three individual species of Eastern Grey Squirrel – Grey Eastern Grey Squirrel, Albino Eastern Grey Squirrel and Black Eastern Grey Squirrel. a. What is the variation of these squirrels? b.If these three types of squirrels lived in the woods in Milford, which would have the adaptation and why? c.Which squirrel is the least likely to survive in Milford and why? Color is the variation of these squirrels. The gray squirrel because it can camouflage. The white squirrel because it canNOT camouflage.

33. Natural Selection: a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms that are best adapted to the environment. There are three types of polar bears: one with thick coats, one with thin coats and one with medium coats. It is fall, soon to be winter. The temperatures are dropping rapidly and the bears must be kept warm, or they will freeze to death. Many of the bears have had 2 cubs each but due to the extreme temperatures, many mothers only have one cub left.

34. 1.Which polar bear will NOT benefit from natural selection? 2. Identify the type of variation in the polar bear population. 3.Who is the most fit for her environment? 3.Predict how the gene pool will change over time with the polar bears? The one with thin fur. A type of variation in the polar bear is fur thickness. The most fit for the environment is the polar bear with thick fur. The polar bears with thick fur will most likely be the ones to survive and pass on their genes.

35. 5.Describe what is happening in figures 1 – 3. (What is happening to the mice and the hawk?) 12 3 The hawk is hunting the black mice because the hawk can see them better. The white mice camouflage with the white background.

36. 6.Is the population (amount) of mice different in figure 3 than in figure 1? Explain your answer. 1 2 3 The population of white and black mice is the same in figure 1. There are 4 of each variation. In figure 3 the population of black mice decreased and the population of white mice has stayed the same.

37. 7.Living things that are well adapted to their environment survive and reproduce. Those that are not well adapted don’t survive and reproduce. An adaptation is any characteristic that gives the living thing the ability to survive and reproduce. What characteristic of the mice is an adaptation that increased (made better) their chance of surviving and reproducing? The mice that have white coloring have the adaptation to survive in the white background. They are the ones that are able to pass on their genes to their offspring.

38. 8.An inherited characteristic that helps an animal or plant have more offspring will tend to become more common in a population as a result of evolution by natural selection. Explain why a characteristic which helps an animal to live longer will generally tend to become more common in the population as a result of evolution by natural selection. (Why are there more white furred mice than black furred mice?) The animal or plant that is best adapted to survive will be the one to pass on their genes to their offspring. They are the ones that are alive to pass on their genes.