1. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Physical and Cognitive Develop- ment in Late Adulthood (1/2) I.Life Expectancy II.Physical Changes A.Body systems (nervous, sensory, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, immune) B.Sleep C.Physical Appearance (hair, skin) and Mobility III.Health, Fitness, and Disability A.Gender and SES differences B.Compression of morbidity C.Benefits of exercise D.Sexuality E.Motor Vehicle Accidents F.Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias G.Comparison of healthcare costs in US and elsewhere

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Physical and Cognitive Develop- ment in Late Adulthood (2/2) IV.Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood A.Compensation for loss of working memory capacity B.Selective Optimization with Compensation C.Memory 1.Deliberate vs. automatic memory 2.Temporal memory 3.Explicit vs. implicit memory 4.Associative memory deficit 5.Remote memory 6.Prospective memory D.Language processing E.Problem-solving F.Wisdom G.Life changes that affect cognitive decline (including terminal decline) H.Cognitive interventions

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Actual competence and performance may not match chronological age  No single biological measure can predict rate of aging  Compression of Morbidity © mezzotint/Shutterstock I.Life Expectancy: Functional Age

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Increasing in U.S. because of  steady decline in infant mortality  decrease in adult death rates  Variations due to heredity, environment:  gender  SES  ethnicity  nationality Life Expectancy (cont’d)

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Japan ranks first:  low rates of obesity, heart disease  favorable health-care policies  U.S. lags behind:  lifestyle factors  health-care policies  In developing nations, reduced by  poverty, malnutrition, disease  armed conflict Variations in Healthy Life Expectancy

7. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Average Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth Figure 17.1 (From Salomon et al., 2012.)

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Figure 17.1 (From Salomon et al., 2012.)

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Species-specific biological limit:  oldest verified age: 122 years  Some scientists believe upper limit not yet reached:  question: Should maximum lifespan be increased?  goal is quality, not quantity, of life Maximum Lifespan

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Loss of brain weight accelerates in sixties  Neurons lost, especially in  prefrontal cortex (executive function)  corpus callosum  cerebellum (balance)  glial cells  Autonomic nervous system less efficient  How the brain compensates:  new fibers, neurons  new connections  use more parts of brain II. Physical Changes: Aging and the Nervous System

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Lower visual acuity  Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare  Decreased color, depth perception  Cataracts  Macular degeneration © Andrew Bassett/Shutterstock Visual Impairments and Aging

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Aging and Visual and Hearing Impairments Figure 17.2 (Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012d.)

13. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Cardiovascular/respiratory systems:  heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow  less oxygen delivered to tissues  vital lung capacity reduced by half  Immune system  effectiveness declines  more infectious, autoimmune diseases  stress-related susceptibility  Healthy diet, exercise help protect immune response Aging Systems of the Body

14. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Total sleep needs remain constant  Sleep timing changes: earlier bedtime, earlier wakening  Sleep difficulties:  insomnia  nighttime waking  Fostering restful sleep  consistent bedtime, waking time  regular exercise  using bedroom only for sleep Sleep and Aging

15. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Skin thinner, wrinkled, spotted  Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change  Lose height and weight after age 60  Muscle strength declines  Bone strength drops  Flexibility decreases © Tish1/Shutterstock Physical Appearance and Mobility

16. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Subjective age vs. physical age  Effective coping strategies:  prevention and compensation  sense of personal control  problem-centered coping  Assistive technology and “smart-home” design  Person–environment fit © Aletia/Shutterstock Adapting to Physical Changes of Aging

17. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Assumption that deterioration is inevitable:  leads to prejudice, discrimination  influenced by culture  Stereotype threat:  increases physiological response to stress  reduces functioning  Aging a source of pride in some cultures Stereotypes of Aging

18. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Self-efficacy  Optimism  SES  Ethnicity  Sex  Nutrition  Exercise © StockLite/Shutterstock III. Health, Fitness, and Disability: Factors in Good Health

19. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Need extra nutrients to  protect bones, immune system  prevent free radicals  Problems with eating:  appetite, taste changes  chewing, digestive changes  shopping, cooking  Diet high in nutrients fosters physical, cognitive health © spotmatik/Shutterstock Nutrition in Late Adulthood

20. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Even sedentary older adults show gains with endurance training  Benefits:  physical  cognitive  self-esteem  Importance of instilling sense of control © Dubova/Shutterstock Exercise in Late Adulthood

21. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Sex remains important:  decline in frequency; fewer male partners for women  healthy couples: continued regular, enjoyable sex  Continue patterns of earlier years  Factors reducing sexual activity:  tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs may interfere  men with erection problems may stop all sexual interaction Sexuality in Late Adulthood

22. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Sexual Activity in Older Adults Figure 17.3 (Adapted from Waite et al., 2009.)

23. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Primary (Biological)  Genetically influenced declines  Affects all members of species  Occurs even when health is good Secondary  Declines due to heredity and environment  Effects individualized: major contributor to frailty  Illnesses and disabilities:  arthritis  diabetes  unintentional injuries  mental disabilities Primary and Secondary Aging

24. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Leading Causes of Death in Late Adulthood Figure 17.4 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012b.)

25. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Osteoarthritis  Deteriorating cartilage in frequently used joints  Common, related to wear and tear Rheumatoid Arthritis  Autoimmune response  Involves whole body  Inflammation of connective tissue  Cartilage tissue grows:  deformed joints  loss of mobility Arthritis

26. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin  Incidence rises with age as a result of  heredity  inactivity, abdominal fat  Risk of long-term damage to  circulatory system  eyes, kidneys, nerves  brain  Treatment: diet, exercise, weight loss Adult-Onset Diabetes

27. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Motor vehicle  Vision problems, slower reactions Do the elderly have the worst record of driving fatalities? Falls  Vision, balance, strength problems  Risk of hip fracture Accidents in Late Adulthood © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock

28. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Dementia: impairments of thought and behavior that disrupt everyday life:  Alzheimer’s disease  cerebrovascular dementia: result of strokes  Misdiagnosed or reversible dementia:  depression  medication side effects © Budimir Jevtic/Shutterstock Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood

29. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Alzheimer’s Disease Incidence  Higher with age: nearly 45% over age 85 Symptoms  Forgetting, disorientation, personality change, depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, infections Brain changes  Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex, synapse deterioration Risk factors  Genetic predisposition  High-fat diet  Lifestyle factors Protective factors  Education, active lifestyle  Mediterranean diet  Active social life

30. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Knowledge about disease, available resources  Coping strategies  Caregiving skills  Respite  Intervention programs © Miriam Doerr/Shutterstock Help for Caregivers of Elders with Dementia

31. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  More common with advanced age:  severe disorders  loss of support network  Varies by SES, ethnic group  Alternatives:  home care by family  assisted living  home-helper systems © Robert Kneschke/Shutterstock Long-Term Care in Late Adulthood

32. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Select  Choose personally valued activities, avoid others Optimize  Devote diminishing resources to valued activities Compensate  Find creative ways to overcome limitations © Barna Tanko/Shutterstock IV. Cognitive Development: Selective Optimization with Compensation

33. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Deliberate (Type 2)  Episodic memory lapses:  slower cognitive processing  poor attention to context  Recall declines:  harder to remember source of information  temporal memory suffers Automatic (Type 1)  Recognition easier than recall:  environmental supports  Implicit memory better than explicit memory:  depends on familiarity, not conscious awareness Deliberate vs. Automatic Memory

34. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information  Helpful strategies:  memory cues  elaboration Associative Memory Deficit in Late Adulthood © imtmphoto/Shutterstock

35. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Remote  Very long-term recall  Autobiographical memory for both remote and recent events  Reminiscence bump for events of adolescence, early adulthood Prospective  Remembering to engage in planned actions  Event-based easier than time-based  Risk of repetition of actions  Reminders can help Remote and Prospective Memory

36. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Aging and Autobiographical Memories: Reminiscence Bump Figure 17.5 (From D. C. Rubin, T. A. Rahhal, & L. W. Poon, 1998, “Things Learned in Early Adulthood Are Remembered Best,” Memory and Cognition, 26, p. 4. Copyright © 1998 by the Psychonomic Society, Inc. Adapted by permission of the Psychonomic Society.)

37. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Little change in comprehension  Losses in  retrieval of words from long-term memory (tip-of-the-tongue state)  ability to plan what to say and how to say it  Compensatory techniques:  speak more slowly, using more sentences, but shorter ones Language Processing in Late Adulthood

38. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Real vs. hypothetical problems:  family relationships  managing activities of daily living  Extend adaptive strategies of middle adulthood:  use experience to decide quickly when able  consult family members and others  collaborate to generate strategies Problem Solving in Late Adulthood

39. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Breadth and depth of practical knowledge  Ability to reflect on, apply knowledge to improve life  Ability to listen, evaluate others’ concerns  Transmission of useful knowledge, reflections to younger people © absolut/Shutterstock Wisdom

40. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Life experience:  human-service training and practice  leadership positions  Age:  no guarantee of wisdom  helpful when combined with life experience  History of overcoming adversity  Education, physical health What Contributes to Wisdom?

41. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Modest genetic contribution  Mentally active life: education, stimulating leisure, community participation, flexibility  Health status  Retirement: both positive and negative effects  Distance to death: terminal decline  Cognitive interventions: ADEPT, ACTIVE © racorn/Shutterstock Factors Related to Cognitive Change

42. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk  Increased participation in continuing education:  Road Scholar  Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes  community senior centers  Benefits:  new ideas, skills, friends  broader world perspective  improved self-image  rise in use of computers and Internet © Pressmaster/Shutterstock Lifelong Learning

43. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.