1. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 1 The Main Themes of Microbiology

2. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Microbiology The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification Microorganisms include: –Bacteria –Viruses –Fungi –Protozoa –Helminths (worms) –Algae 2

3. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Microbiology The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification Microbiology is a specialized area of biology that deals with living organisms ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification Microorganisms include: –Bacteria –Viruses –Fungi (microscopic, fungal spores) –Protozoa (unicellular) –Helminths (parasitic worms) –Algae Microbiology is one of the largest and most complex of the biological sciences because it integrates subject matter from many diverse disciplines Microbiologists study every aspect of microbes –their genetics –their physiology –characteristics that may be harmful or beneficial –the ways they interact with the environment and with their hosts –their uses in industry and agriculture 3

4. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 4

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6. Origins of Microorganisms Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth for about 3.5 billion years –Prokaryotes (pre-nucleus): Simple cells –Eukaryotes (true nucleus): Complex cells 6

7. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Impact of Microbes on Earth For billions of years, microbes have extensively shaped the development of the earth’s habitats and the evolution of other life forms Procaryotes (no nucleus) appeared first Eucaryotes (with nucleus) appeared later Microbes can be found nearly everywhere, from the deep in the earth’s crust, to the polar ice caps and oceans, to the bodies of plants and animals Prokaryotes and eukaryotes –prokaryote – microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles –eukaryote – unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Viruses –acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

8. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Microbial Structure Two cell lines –Prokaryote – microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles –Eukaryote – unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Viruses - Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein 8

9. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Microbial Diversity: 6 Types of Microbes 9

10. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Microbial Dimensions 10

11. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Microbes in Energy & Nutrient Flow The flow of energy and food through the earth’s ecosystems –Photosynthesis: Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material –Decomposition: Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds 11

12. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Concept Check: Which of the following does NOT describe a fungus? A. Contains a nucleus B. Has 80S Ribosomes C. Useful in Decomposition D. Is photosynthetic 12

13. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Concept Check: Which of the following does NOT describe a fungus? A. Contains a nucleus B. Has 80S Ribosomes C. Useful in Decomposition D. Is photosynthetic 13

14. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Human Use of Microorganisms Biotechnology: Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms Genetic engineering: Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products Bioremediation: Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem 14

15. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Lifestyles of Microorganisms Majority live a free existence, are relatively harmless and often beneficial Some microorganisms have close associations with other organisms –Parasites live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host. 15

16. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Microbes & Infectious Diseases Pathogens: Microbes that do harm Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases 10 B new infections/year worldwide 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide 16

17. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Top Causes of Death in the United States and Worldwide 17

18. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 18 Top Causes of Death in the United States and Worldwide Continued

19. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Historical Foundations of Microbiology Thousands of microbiologists over 300 years Prominent discoveries include: –Microscopy –Scientific method –Development of medical microbiology –Microbiology techniques 19

20. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Spontaneous Generation Spontaneous Generation is an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure, etc.) Louis Pasteur eventually disproved spontaneous generation and proved the Theory of Biogenesis - the idea that living things can only arise from other living things 20

21. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 21 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Dutch linen merchant First to observe living microbes Single-lens magnified up to 300X

22. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 22 Leeuwenhoek’s Work

23. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Scientific Method Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted –Deductive approach “If…, then….” A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis 23

24. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Scientific Method Results must be published and repeated by other investigators. If evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes a Law or principle. If hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence - it becomes a theory. 24

25. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Concept Check: A Scientific Theory has little or no evidence to support it and could be best described as a “best guess”. A. True B. False 25

26. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Concept Check: A Scientific Theory has little or no evidence to support it and could be best described as a “best guess”. A. True B. False 26

27. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Discovery of Spores and Sterilization John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes. –Cohn determined these forms to be heat- resistant bacterial endospores. Sterility requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses. 27

28. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Using the Scientific Method to Investigate Bacterial Endospores 28

29. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 29 Using the Scientific Method to Investigate Bacterial Endospores

30. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Development of Aseptic Techniques The human body is a source of infection –Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes – observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals –Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis – correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward –Joseph Lister – introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections Involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery Use of heat for sterilization 30

31. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Germ Theory of Disease Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc. Two major contributors: Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch 31

32. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 32 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms Developed pasteurization Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease

33. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 33 Robert Koch (1843-1910) Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera Developed pure culture methods

34. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Taxonomy Taxonomy: organizing, classifying, and naming living things –Formal system originated by Carl von Linné Concerned with: –Classification – orderly arrangement of organisms into groups –Nomenclature – assigning names –Identification – determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes 34

35. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Levels of Classification Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya Kingdom Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus Species 35

36. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sample Taxonomy 36

37. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Concept Check: 37 Organisms in the same Family must also be in the same Class. A. True B. False

38. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Concept Check: Organisms in the same Family must also be in the same Class. A. True B. False 38

39. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Assigning Specific Names Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names: –Genus - capitalized –species - lowercase Both italicized or underlined –Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Inspiration for names is extremely varied and often imaginative! 39

40. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms Phylogeny: natural relatedness between groups of organisms Evolution –All new species originate from preexisting species –Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity 40

41. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Three Domains of Life Bacteria - true bacteria Archaea - odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. Eukarya - have a nucleus and organelles 41

42. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Evolutionary Relationships Between Earth’s Inhabitants 42

43. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 43 Organisms in the Domain Archaea have more DNA sequence similarity to A. Escherichia coli which is in the Domain Bacteria B. Humans which are in the Domain Eukarya C. Archaea have no DNA sequence similarity to any other organism Concept Check :

44. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Concept Check: Organisms in the Domain Archaea have more DNA sequence similarity to A. Escherichia coli which is in the Domain Bacteria B. Humans which are in the Domain Eukarya C. Archaea have no DNA sequence similarity to any other organism 44