1. Department of Civil Engineering

2. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS of WASTEWATER Importance of study is to introduced (1)the microorganisms found in surface waters and wastewater (2)the pathogenic microorganisms associated with human disease, (3) the use of indicator organisms, (4) the methods and techniques used for the enumeration of bacteria (5) the method of enumerating viruses (6) a brief discussion of newly recognized or emerging organisms.

3. Microorganisms found in Surface Waters and Wasterwater  Organisms found in surface water and wastewater include bacteria, fungi, algae, proto­zoa, plants and animals, and viruses.  Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses can only be observed microscopically.  Living single-cell microorganisms are responsible for the activity in biological wastewater treatment.  The basic functional and structural unit of all living matter is the cell.  Living organisms are divided into either prokaryote or eukaryote cells as a function of their genetic infor­mation and cell complexity.  The prokaryotes have the simplest cell structure and include bacteria, blue- green algae (cyanobacter), and archaea.  The archaea are sepa­rated from bacteria due to their DNA composition and unique cellular chemistry, such as differences in the cell wall and ribosome structure.  Many archaea are bacteria that can grow under extreme conditions of temperature and salinity, and also include methanogenic methane-producing bacteria, important in anaerobic treatment processes.

4.  Organisms found in surface water and wastewater include bacteria, fungi, algae, proto­zoa, plants and animals, and viruses.  The prokaryotes, the eukaryotes are much more complex and contain plants and animals and single-celled organisms of importance in wastewater treatment including protozoa, fungi, and green algae.  The prokaryote organisms are generally much smaller compared to eukary­ote organisms.  The absence of a nuclear membrane to contain the cell DNA is also a distinguishing feature of the prokaryote organisms.  The eukaryotic organisms have much more complex internal structures.  The prokaryotes can have photosynthetic pigments, they do not contain chloroplasts, which are used in photosynthesis by green algae.  Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require the machinery of a host cell to support their growth.

5. Characteristics Prokaryote Eurokaryote

6. Bacteria :  Bacteria are single-cell prokaryotic organisms.  The interior of the cell contains a colloidal suspension of proteins, carbohydrates, and other complex organic compounds, called the cytoplasm.  The cytoplasmic area contains ribonucleic acid (RNA), whose major role is in the synthesis of proteins. Also within the cytoplasm is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).  DNA contains all the information necessary for the reproduction of all the cell components and may be considered to be the blueprint of the cell.  Their usual mode of reproduction is by binary fission, although some species reproduce sexually or by budding.

7. Archaea :  Similar to bacteria in size and basic cell components.  Their cell wall, cell material, and RNA composition are different.  Important in anaerobic processes and also found under extreme conditions of temperature and chemical composition. Fungi/yeast  Fungi are multicellular, nonphotosynthetic, heterotrophic eukaryotes.  Most fungi are either strict or facultative aerobes which reproduce sexually or asexuafly, by fission, budding, or spore formation.  Yeasts are fungi that cannot form a mycelium and are therefore unicellular.  Fungi have the ability to grow under low-moisture, low-nitrogen conditions and can tolerate an environment with a relatively low pH.  The ability of the fungi to survive under low-pH and nitrogen-limiting conditions, coupled with their ability to degrade cellulose, makes them very important in the composting of sludge.

8. Protozoa  Protozoa are motile, microscopic eukaryotes that are usually single cells.  The majority of protozoa are aerobic heterotrophs,  Protozoa is having magnitude larger than bacteria.  It consume bacteria as an energy source.  In effect, the protozoa act as polishers of the effluents from biological waste - treatment processes by consuming bacteria and particulate organic matter. Rotifers  Rotifers are aerobic heterotrophic animal eukaryotes.  Rotifers are very effective in consuming dispersed and flocculated bacteria and small particles of organic matter.  Their presence in an effluent indicates a highly efficient aerobic biological purification process.

9. RL at O = 764.345 m RL at D = 784.042 m Distance OD = 147.097 m. Algae  Viruses are composed of a nucleic acid core (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by an Outer shell of protein called a capsid.  Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that multiply only within a host cell.  Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria as the host; they have not been implicated in human infections. Viruses  Algae are unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic, photosynthetic eukaryotes.  They are of importance in biological treatment processes.  The blue-green alga cyanobacter is a prokaryotic organism.  The term helminths is used to describe worms.  Most of the helminths fall into three major phyla: Nematoda (roundworms), Platy-helminthes (flatworms), and Annelida (segmented worms). Helminths

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