1. Chapter 12 Community Policing1-

2. Introduction
This chapter deals with philosophical and strategic issues about reducing crime and improving our quality of life
Community policing and problem-solving policing have been practiced for more than a decade and have proven to be tremendously popular with some citizens, academics, politicians, and police chiefs
Community and problem-solving policing emphasize community involvement and the building of partnerships between the police and the community 1-

3. Corporate Strategies for Policing
OVERVIEW
John F. Kennedy School of Government
New ways of accomplishing the police mission
Strategic policing
Community policing
Problem-solving policing
Objective: To acquaint you with the most current thinking about corporate strategies for policing, including strategic policing, community policing, and problem-solving policing
Courtesy of AP Photo/Northwest Florida Daily News,Nick Tomecek 1-

4. The Philosophy of Community Policing and Problem-Solving Policing
OVERVIEW
Abandonment of police foot patrols
Drastic demographic changes
Police no longer seen as members of the community
James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling
Broken windows model
PCR movement
Objective: To explore the philosophy and genesis of the current corporate strategies of community policing and problem-solving policing
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5. Community Policing
Three kinds of violence need to be reduced (according to Trojanowicz):
Individual violence, civil unrest, police brutality
Some benefits of community policing (according to Goldstein):
Realistic acknowledgment of police functions
Less dependence on criminal justice system
More effective use of personnel
Computers and the Internet aid in efforts

6. Community Policing Promotes organizational strategies
Departments have implemented special units
Community input encouraged
More easily facilitated with technology
Websites

7. Problem-Solving Policing
Not just incident driven
Involves officers thinking, not just responding
SARA
Scanning
Analysis
Response
Assessment
Courtesy of © Jeff Greenberg/Alamy
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8. Scanning Problem Identification Similar by various means:
A group of two or more incidents that are similar in one or more respects, causing harm and therefore being of concern to the police and the public
Similar by various means:
Behaviors (drug sales, robberies, thefts, etc.)
Locations (hot spots, cruising areas, housing areas)
Persons (repeat offenders)
Times (seasonal, day of week, time of day)
Events (spring break, sporting events, rock concerts)

9. Scanning (cont.) No limit on problems Purpose of scanning
A series of burglaries from trailers at a construction site
Drug activity, drinking, and disorderly conduct at a community park
Suspected drug activity at a private residence
Thefts from autos at a shopping mall
Purpose of scanning
To determine if a problem really exists and whether further analysis is needed
Initiates problem-solving process

10. Analysis Determining nature and extent of problem
Identify seriousness of problem, everyone involved, causes, and effectiveness of current responses
Identifying the harms (graffiti, drug sales, etc.)
Seeking the “small wins”
Karl Weick
People look at problems on too large of a scale
Need to break it down

11. Analysis (cont.) Problem Analysis Triangle
Three elements needed for a crime to occur:
Offender (someone motivated to commit harmful behavior)
Victim (a desirable and vulnerable target)
Location (victim and offender must be in the same place at the same time)
Removing one element can stop crime. Find out as much about the victims, offenders, and locations where problems exist in order to understand what can be done about it.

12. Problem Analysis Triangle
Victim
Offender
Problem
Place

13. Response Formulating tailor-made strategies
Review findings and develop creative solutions
Potential solutions to problems
Totally eliminating the problem
Reducing the number of incidents the problem creates
Reducing the seriousness of the harms
Dealing with a problem better
Removing the problem from police consideration

14. Assessment Evaluating overall effectiveness Traditional Measures
Numbers of arrests, levels of reported crime, response times, clearance rates, citizen complaints, and various workload indicators
Nontraditional Measures
Reduced instances of repeat victimization
Decreases in related crimes or incidents
Neighborhood indicators
Increased citizen satisfaction
Reduced citizen fear related to the problem

15. Successful Examples of Problem-Oriented Policing
PHILOSOPHY
Emphasizes a partnership with the community
California farm laborers
Achieving Community Together (ACT)
Homeless Outreach Team (HOT)
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department
Objective: To discuss the implementation of community policing strategies, including the most recent methods, the role of the federal government, and some recent community policing successes 1-

16. Community Policing Today
RESIDENT OFFICER PROGRAMS
Multitude of programs
Department websites
True community policing permeates the department
University communities can also be involved
Officer Next Door (OND) program
Resident Officer Programs: The Ultimate in Community Policing? 1-

17. Federal Government and Community Policing
Crime Bill
Signed into law by President Clinton in 1994
Authorized $8 billion over six years for grants to law enforcement agencies to reduce crime
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
Established to administer grant money provided by Crime Bill
Allocated funds in three ways:
Three-year grants to hire police officers to work in community policing initiatives
Awarded grants for improved productivity through acquiring technology
Awarded grants to agencies for special programs attacking specific crime issues

18. The Federal Government and Community Policing
OFFICE OF COMMUNITY ORIENTED POLICING SERVICES (COPS)
Established to administer grant money
Advances the practice of community policing
Funding continues to help police-community partnerships
Regional Community Policing Institutes (RCPIs) 1-

19. Some Accomplishments of Community Policing
OVERVIEW
Broken windows theory
Newark, New Jersey
Denver, Colorado
New Rochelle, New York
New York City (mid-1980s)
Surveys indicate that the public supports community policing 1-

20. Not All Agree with Community Policing
Some believe new philosophies are merely rhetoric
One problem is defining community
Usually defined by administrative areas to allocate patrols
Not usually defined by ecological areas with common norms, shared values, and interpersonal bonds
Some administrators uncomfortable with dividing community into “parcels” that compete for funds, services, etc.
Negative effect on certain people who are suspicious of intentions
Biggest recent threat to community policing: current inability to keep departments fully staffed

21. Homeland Security and the Future of Community Policing
Community policing can help in war on terror
One primary goal is prevention of terrorist acts
Many states and larger cities have created local fusion centers to share information
Federal, state, and county agencies are joining together to integrate responses
Partnership and trust with the community contributes to keeping our homeland safe

22. Homeland Security and the Future of Community Policing
OVERVIEW
Prevention of terrorist acts
Fusion centers
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)
International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
Community policing awards
Objective: To discuss how community policing strategies can be useful in the fight against terror 1-

23. Summary
Community policing and problem-solving policing have been practiced for more than 20 years
The three corporate strategies for modern policing are strategic policing, community policing, and problem-solving policing
The resident officer program is one particular form of community policing that many cities are using
The nature of community policing continues to evolve as it is used to address new issues
The future of community policing includes the area of terrorism and the role that community policing can play in homeland security 1-