1. Green Chemistry Chemistry: It's not easy being green In the past two decades, the green-chemistry movement has helped industry become much cleaner. But mindsets change slowly, and the revolution still has a long way to go. Katharine Sanderson Download a PDF of this article

2. "Green chemistry represents the pillars that hold up our sustainable future. It is imperative to teach the value of green chemistry to tomorrow's chemists." Daryle Busch, President ACS, June 26, 2000, “Color Me Green” Chem. Eng. News 2000, 78 (28) 49-55.

3. Tragedy prompts chemist’s switch to greener path The Globe and Mail, 10/26/2011  “Traditionally, chemists accepted that they work with dangerous substances, relying on masks and protective gear. For many years, the industry paid little attention to the risks. More recently, that attitude gave way to containing or cleaning up the mess with scrubbers and filters.”  “Green Chemistry holds that instead of containing or cleaning up messes, it’s better to avoid them.”  ”It’s not a philosophy. It’s not a social movement. It’s a science.”  “While green chemistry is already having a real impact, green chemists say teaching young chemistry students to think in new ways may be their most important task. In the end, Dr. Warner says, “it’s going to be the people who make the chemicals who make the change.”

4. GREEN CHEMISTRY INVOLVES… Reducing or eliminating the use or production of hazardous substances in the manufacture of chemical products  Considering the hazards of reagents as well as their properties  A green chemical process or product is ‘benign by design’

5. Some Aspects of Green Chemistry Catalysis Process Intensification Separation Processes Energy Efficiency Solvent Replacement Use of Renewable Feedstocks Waste Minimisation Green Chemistry

6. GREEN CHEMISTRY  Pollution Prevention Act 1990  GC Began in 1991 at EPA, Paul Anastas  1996 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards  1996 Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference  1999 Journal “Green Chemistry”  Chemical and Engineering News  2000 Journal of Chemical Educa tion

7. 12 Principles of Green Chemistry ( Anastas, P. T.; Warner, J. C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press: New York, 1998, p.30. By permission of Oxford University Press) 1. Prevention It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created. 2. Atom Economy Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. 3. Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. 4. Designing Safer Chemicals Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired function while minimizing their toxicity.

8. 5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used. 6. Design for Energy Efficiency Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure. 7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable. 8. Reduce Derivatives Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.

9. 9. Catalysis Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. 10. Design for Degradation Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment. 11. Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real- time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. 12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires. 12 Principles of Green Chemistry

10. Green Chemistry Principles for Dummies

11. EXAMPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY Safer dry cleaning Replace chlorinated solvents like perchloroethylene (perc) with liquid carbon dioxide (CO 2 )

12.  http://www.hangersdrycleaners.com/

13. Environmental/Economic Advantages of Liquid CO 2  Using CO 2 eliminates hazardous waste generation of perc.  CO 2 does not pose the environmental and human health risks associated with perc (used by 34,000 dry cleaners in US).  Using the Hangers CO 2 process lowers energy consumption.  Using CO 2 reduces environmental regulatory burdens for Hangers operators.  Uses waste CO 2 from other processes.

14.  Reduction in solvent from 1300 L/kg to 7 L/kg  Elimination of the solvent dichloromethane, CH 2 Cl 2 VIAGRA SYNTHESIS

15. 1300 L/kg Medicinal Chemistry 1990 100 L/kg Optimised Med. Chemistry 1994 22 L/kg Commercial Route (1997) 7 L/kg Commercial Route following solvent recovery CH 2 CL 2 Acetone Ethanol Methanol Ether Ethyl Acetate 2-Butanone Toluene Pyridine t-Butanol 4 L/kg Future Target New solvent Green Chemistry and the Synthesis of Viagra (Sildenafil)

16. IBUPROFEN SYNTHESIS Boot’s synthesis  6 steps  Atom economy: 40%  (40% of atoms in raw materials end up in product) BHC synthesis  3 steps  Catalysts  Atom economy >90%

18. Environmental Advantages of BHC Synthesis of Ibuprofen  Less waste  greater atom economy  catalytic versus stoichiometric reagents  recycling, reuse, recovery of byproducts and reagents (acetic acid >99%; HF >99.9%)  greater throughput (three steps versus five steps) and overall yield (virtually quantitative)  Fewer auxiliary substances (solvents separation agents)

19. Battery Recycling Tonolli Canada

21. Flash Smelting Features:  Smelting occurs in an enriched oxygen atmosphere  Exothermic reactions fuel the smelter

22. Flash Smelting  Reduced fuel consumption  Energy released fuels the reaction  High yield of sulfur oxides – enough to make the conversion to sulfuric acid economically feasible  Use of scrubbing is minimized or eliminated

23. Upcycling The process of converting an industrial material or roduct into something of similar or greater value Terracycle™

24. Green Chemistry Is About... Waste Materials Hazard Environmental Impact COST Risk Energy

25. IN SUMMARY, GREEN CHEMISTRY IS… Based on proven chemistry Cost effective More sustainable The future =A “win-win” for business and the environment

26. ExemplarExemplar – Lego Schmego

27. 1.3 billion dollars 49% of our company 1 massive hostile takeover… …of.

28. 1.3 billion dollars 49% of our company 1 massive hostile takeover… …of.

29. NEW INNOVATION, NEW POSSIBILITIES. ™

30. Product Description  Toy for kids  Small variously sized, variously coloured blocks  Interlock for easy and versatile building

31. About “LEGO”  Offers a similar interlocking toy block product  Lego Company has many significant disadvantages and set backs:  Manufacturing process  Certain qualities of their product  These problems lead to environmental damage and financial disadvantage later on  SHMEGO is by far superior Overview of SHMEGO’s competitive advantages to come…

32. SHMEGO’s Proud Defining Feature  Strive to be environmentally- conscious, sustainable & promote human health:  In our products  In our manufacturing process  Why?  Leaders in Corporate Social Responsibility  Very economically efficient

33. SPECIFICS WHAT WE’RE DOING

34. Product Material ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)  Plastic; Can be melted and injection-molded, comes in pellets  Petroleum-based  Non-biodegradable “Liquid Wood” (a.k.a ArboForm)  Plastic alternative; Easy to melt can be injection-molded  Plant-based  Lignin (plant sugar)  biodegradable

35. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene  Durable due to cross-linking between nitrile groups as a result of hydrogen bonding  Very poor atom economy 2kg of crude oil 1kg ABS  Formed by grafting styrene and acrylonitrile onto a polybutadiene matrix  Very safe (tests show that no bricks have ever decomposed or released any chemical substances)  Recyclable  Not always (propylene + ammonia) butadiene dehydrogenated ethyl benzene ABS

36. Acrylonitrile  Classified as hazardous  Volatility makes escape from waste sites a concern  Composed of propylene, ammonia and air  Requires sulphuric acid and results in ammonia sulphate  Spills or leakages are hazardous  Discarded cooling water (blowdown) contains toxins (such as those found in bactericides)  2.9 million tons of wastewater annually in the U.S.  Waste gas is incinerated

37. Polybutadiene  Hazardous waste materials  Disposal: incineration plants produce water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen compounds (harmful)

38. “Liquid Wood”  Produced from lignin  Waste product of paper production  Separated using sulfite or sulfate  Mixed with wax and fibers of plants, under high pressure to form a melted plastic  High pressure hydrolysis reduces sulfur content and creates water proofing capabilities  cross-linked organic polymer (provides strength) Lignin (naturally occuring) Monomer: phenyl propene Random structure

39. Product Life Cycles

40. Likely Fate of “Liquid Wood”:  Biodegrading in compost/landfill  Incinerated  CO 2 emitted as a product of incineration no more than the amount fixed by growing plants (which produce the lignin)  Future recycling programs

41. A Clear Choice  Use of liquid wood technology in the production of our blocks  Easier, greener to produce  Lignin is much cheaper raw material  Lignin can be obtained by utilising waste products  Does not use petroleum-based products  Biodegradable ™ But it doesn’t stop there…

42. SHMEGO’s Other Green Initiatives  Green Packaging:  85% recycled cardboard  No plastic bags, info booklet online  Cubic shape (minimizing surface area to volume ratio)  Non-bleached paper product  Hydrogen peroxide and other bleaching agents can be toxic  Chlorinated bleaching agents can produce “dioxins” (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins)  Mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic  Hydrophobic, stored in adipose tissue causing bioaccumulation in animals  Chlorine free (TCF & ECF) agents are thought to minimize dioxin production  Bleaching unnecessary step, waste of energy, not worth the risk  Product for children, safety is key Dioxin, toxic

43. Product Quality  99.83% satisfaction rate  Virtually no difference in performance from LEGO  Just safer, greener, cleaner, more responsible option Don’t take our word for it, try it out!