1. Bloodborne Pathogens, Universal Precautions and Wound Care Color of the DAY

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.  EQ: How can we keep the School clean and sterile to prevent spread of disease and infection?  CO: Students will understand how to use Universal Precautions to prevent the spread of germs

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Bloodborne Pathogens  Disease causing organisms present in human blood  Most significant pathogens are Hepatitis B, C and HIV  Others that exist are hepatitis A, D, E and syphilis

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Hepatitis  Virus that decreases liver function  Signs and symptoms  Swelling, soreness, loss of normal liver function  Flu-like symptoms like fatigue, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, and possibly jaundice  May test positive for w/in 2-6 weeks of symptom development  Prevention  Good personal hygiene and avoiding high risk activities  HBV can survive in dried blood and on contaminated surfaces for at least 1 week  Vaccination against HBV should be provided by employer to those who may be exposed

5. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)  Virus that has potential to destroy immune system  According to World Health Organization 34 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in 2011  Symptoms and Signs  Transmitted by infected blood or other fluids  Fatigue, weight loss, muscle or joint pain, painful or swollen glands, night sweats and fever  May go for 8-10 years before signs and symptoms develop

6. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)  HIV -> AIDS  Little to no immune function  No protection against the simplest infection  Positive test for HIV cannot predict when the individual will show symptoms of AIDS  After contracting AIDS, people generally die w/in 2 years of symptoms developing

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Bloodborne Pathogens in Athletics  Chance of transmitting HIV among athletes is low  Minimal risk of on-field transmission  Some sports have potentially higher risk for transmission because of close contact and exposure to bodily fluids  Martial arts, wrestling, boxing

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. HIV and Athletic Participation  Research is unclear  Bodily fluid contact should be avoided  Avoid exhaustive exercise that may lead to susceptibility to infection  ADA says athletes  Infected cannot be discriminated against  Only be excluded with medically sound basis  Must be based on objective medical evidence and must take into consideration risk to patient and other participants and means to reduce risk

9. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Universal Precautions in Athletic Environment  OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)  Established standards for employers  Developed to protect healthcare provider and patient

10. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Universal Precautions in Athletic Environment  Preparing the Athlete  Prior to participation  Cover all open wounds and lesions  When Bleeding Occurs  Remove from play  Cover/disinfect  Bloody uniform must be removed or cleaned to remove infectivity  Hydrogen peroxide removes blood

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Universal Precautions in Athletic Environment  Personal Precautions Clinician  Personal precaution equipment (PPE) including  Latex gloves  Gowns/aprons  Masks and shields  Disposable mouthpieces for resuscitation  Proper glove removal technique!!!  Hands and skin surfaces coming into contact with blood and fluids should be washed immediately with soap and water  Hands should be washed between patients

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Universal Precautions in Athletic Environment  Availability of Supplies and Equipment  Cleaners/disinfectants  Bleach 1:10 ratio  Alcohol  Other  Biohazard warning labels should be affixed to containers for regulated waste  Red container/bags  Sharps  Needles, razorblades, and scalpels  Use extreme care in handling and disposing all sharps  Scissors and tweezers should be sterilized and disinfected regularly

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

14. Protecting the Athlete From Exposure  Use mouthpieces in high-risk sports  Shower immediately after practice or competition  Athletes exposed to HIV or HBV should be evaluated and immunized against HBV

15. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Types of wounds  Abrasions  Skin scraped against rough surface  Top layer of skin wears away exposing numerous capillaries  Laceration  Sharp or pointed object tears tissues – results in wound with jagged edges  Incision  Wounds with smooth edges

16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Types of wounds  Puncture wounds  Can easily occur during activity and can be fatal  Penetration of tissue can result in introduction of tetanus to bloodstream  All severe puncture wounds should be referred to a physician  Avulsion wounds  Skin is torn from body = major bleeding  Place avulsed tissue in moist gauze (saline), plastic bag and immerse in cold water  Take to hospital for reattachment

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immediate Care  Should be cared for immediately  Universal Precautions  All wounds should be treated as if contaminated  To minimize infection clean wound  Soap/water  Sterile solution  Avoid hydrogen peroxide and bacterial solutions initially  These tend to kill all cells even the good ones

18. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Are sutures necessary?  Deep cuts often require some form of manual closure  Sutures should be used within 12 hours  Area of injury and limitations of blood supply for healing will determine materials used for closure  Physician may decide wound does not require sutures and utilize steri-strips or butterfly bandages

19. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Signs of Wound Infection  Same as those for inflammation  Pain  Heat  Redness  Swelling  Pus may form due to accumulation of WBC’s  Fever may develop as immune system fights bacterial infection  Be aware of Staphylococcus aureus infections