2. Duluth Field Trip u Monday May 23 or Tuesday May 24 u 7:30 am – 8:30 pm u $30 for transportation u $ ?? For breakfast and dinner stops u Bring a bag lunch u Sign up and pay through School View/Fee Pay

3. Information Collection From Space/Light u Add this to your table of contents in your notebook.

4. Information Collection From Space/Light If in Aqua Blue write it Down (except this example)

5. u How many places in space have people gone? u How many objects have we landed space craft on? u How many objects have we sent space craft by?

6. Travel to Farthest Objects u Not possible at this point for Humans u Have landed a probe on Mars u Space probes have only reached outer planets of Solar System to collect data.

7. All information about Space from Energy u This energy is called the electromagnetic spectrum u Energy in the form of Waves. u Each wave has it’s own a. length, b. properties, c. energy. u Spectrum You Tube Spectrum You Tube

8. Visible light collected by Telescopes u Refracting telescopes uses lenses to collect light u Reflecting Telescopes use mirrors to collect the light.

9. Invisible Radio waves: u Collected by Radio Telescopes- like the dish network.

10. Radiation u Radiation is energy that travels through space in the form of waves. u Waves have high and low points called crests and troughs crest trough

11. Radiation u Wavelength is the distance measured from crest to crest or trough to trough crest trough

12. Radiation u We can see different colors of light based on wavelength (  m).

13. Radiation u Stars give off electromagnetic radiation in forms of: radio, x-ray, and visible. u Radiation is the ONLY way that energy can travel thought space. u Radiation travels at the speed of light: - 300,000 km/sec (7.5 times around the Earth in 1 second)

14. Radiation u Stars give off electromagnetic radiation in forms of: radio, x-ray, and visible. u Radiation is the ONLY way that energy can travel thought space. u Radiation travels at the speed of light: 300,000 km/sec u (7.5 times around the Earth in 1 second)

15. Frequency vs. wavelength u Frequency is the number of waves per second. u Units = Hertz u Shorter wavelengths produce a higher frequency, meaning more waves per second. u Higher frequency also creates more energy higher frequency

16. Electromagnetic Spectrum Arrangement of energy waves from longest to shortest RADIO MICRO Infrared VISIBLEUltra Violet X-ray GAMMA Long Short High Energy LOW Energy

17. Electromagnetic Spectrum Arrangement of energy waves from longest to shortest

18. Uses of the types of radiation: u Radio: music enjoyment, communication (walkie- talkie), television u Microwave: reheating food by ‘wiggling water molecules’, radar u Infrared: Cameras capture infrared light to do energy efficiency checks, night vision. u Visible: to see!

19. Uses of the types of radiation: u Ultraviolet: Part of sunlight, allows for florescence. Black lights emit UV radiation u Xray: can go through solid objects. Uses for medical and security (at airport). u Gamma: most natural gamma rays are absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. Human uses are sterilizing and medical imaging.

20. What can we collect from visible light ???? u Distance u Brightness u Temperature u Composition u Movement

21. Distance measured in Space u Triangulation:  Geometrically- Forms a triangle in which baseline and 2 angles are known can figure out Height of triangle or distance u Can use the Earth’s rotation or revolution as the Triangle baseline

22. Brightness : u Apparent Magnitude: A measure of the brightness of a star or celestial object as seen from the Earth. u Ex. Sun –26.5, Full Moon – 12.5, Polaris 2.0

23. Brightness : u Apparent Magnitude: A measure of the brightness of a star or celestial object as seen from the Earth. u Ex. Sun –26.5, Full Moon –12.5, Polaris 2.0 u Absolute Magnitude: The apparent magnitude of a star if viewed from a distance of 32.6 light years.

24. Brightness : u Apparent Magnitude: A measure of the brightness of a star or celestial object as seen from the Earth. u Ex. Sun –26.5, Full Moon –12.5, Polaris 2.0 u Absolute Magnitude: The apparent magnitude of a star if viewed from a distance of 32.6 light years. u Luminosity: A measure of actual brightness/energy output; The Sun may be used as a reference star and compare other stars to the sun.

25. Temperature  The color of a star is determined by its surface temperature. u Color is related to temperature based on amount of energy that is present. u Red = cool u Violet/Blue = hot

27. u What is the difference between apparent and absolute magnitude?

28. Composition: What they are made of. u Need to bend the light to separate the different wavelengths into a spectrum.

29. Spectroscope u Separates light into a wide spectrum of colors.

30. 3 Types of Spectra

31. Continuous Spectrum: u Colors blend into each other: Rainbow, Sundogs.

32. Bright Line Spectrum u Bright lines of color separated by black space

33. Each Element has its own unique pattern of lines

34. Absorption (Dark line) Spectrum u Gas of atmosphere absorbs the bright color lines. So dark lines are emitted.

35. Spectral analysis u Each gas within a star gives off a unique set of spectral lines to determine the element composition within that star (identity)

36. Movement in Space: The Doppler Effect (sound shift) u A star’s spectrum can be used to determine if its moving towards or away from us. u This is because of a phenomenon known as Doppler Effect, where you would notice a change in sound as the object moves past you.

37. The Doppler Effect (sound shift) u Sound waves from an object moving towards an observer are compressed together and result in a higher pitch sound ( a higher note). u As the object passes you and moves away the sound waves become further and further apart and the pitch drops ( a lower note).

38. Doppler shift and light u Blue Shift: Light waves are compressed together when stars are moving towards Earth, creating shorter wavelengths. u Red Shift: Light waves are then lengthened when stars are moving away from Earth, creating longer wavelengths.

39. Doppler shift and the SUN u The Sun has a continuous spectrum u When closely observed one side of the sun shows red shift, where one shows blue. What might cause this?

40. Doppler shift and Galaxies u Mosy galaxies show a red shift u What would this tell us about the universe?

41. These spectral lines are shifted slightly to the right, hence the star is moving towards us.

42. Here are the lines of a star that is moving away from us.

43. Summary u Red shift means an object is … u Longer wavelengths have ______ energy. u Write down 3 things you learned about the electro magnetic spectrum.

44. The End