2.  Divided into 3 periods: The Medieval Period begins with the fall of Rome 1.Early Middle Ages – Religion is the center of people’s lives Small Germanic kingdoms developed in areas previously controlled by the Roman Empire. Government was not centralized and was more disorganized than what was the case in the Roman Empire. Dark Ages – despair disorder, disunity, etc. Cities were in decline. Feudalism

3. 2.High Middle Ages Decline of Feudalism Growth in cities Culture Chivalry 3.Late Middle Ages 3 Disasters Plague – Black Death 100 Years War Western Schism

4. The Early Middle Ages: Germanic Kingdoms Unite under Charlemagne What happened to Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? Why? - Invasions from land and sea - Businesses collapse - Destruction of cities- people move out of the cities. - Money scarce - Decline in learning. Fewer people could read or write. - Disruption of trade - Loss of common language

5. What was the one institution to survive the fall of the Roman Empire? How did the survival of this institution impact the Middle Ages? The Church -Became the center of people’s lives. -Provided order and security.

6. Clovis & his accomplishments? - Frankish ruler - Brought Christianity to the area - United Franks into one kingdom - His conversion to Christianity began a partnership between the Roman Catholic Church and Frankish kingdoms. Charles Martel & his accomplishments? - Frankish ruler. - Defeated a Muslim raiding party from Spain in the Battle of Tours -Made him a Christian hero. 

7. Charlemagne What land was included in Charlemagne’s Empire? -2/3 of Italy -All of present day France -Small part of Spain -All of German Saxony Charlemagne the “Roman Emperor” – why was he crowned & what was the significance of this event? -he helped the Pope by crushing a mob that was threatening the Pope -the significance is that it reunited western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire. -Legitimized Charlemagne’s rule over the former Roman Empire. -German King is the successor to the Roman emperors. 

8. Charlemagne’s Accomplishments Learning?  Revived Latin learning  Started the first schools  Curriculum included grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy  Became the educational model for medieval Europe Government?  Appointed nobles to rule over local regions.  Strong, efficient and orderly

9. Charlemagne’s Heirs, Civil War & the Treaty of Verdun? -Charlemagne crowns his only surviving son, Louis the Pious as emperor. -Louis had 3 sons, Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German -They fought for control of the empire -The civil war ended in 843 with Treaty of Verdun Treaty of Verdun  Divided Charlemagne’s Empire into 3 kingdoms…one for each grandson.

10. What is feudalism? Political, economic, and social system based on mutual obligations between lords and vassals Based on the manor system and land ownership was very important. *land ownership meant power What led to the development of feudalism? -Central authority was unable to provide protection from chaos. -People looked to the landowners (lords) for for help What was feudalism a response to? -Political turmoil, economic decline, enemy invasions and constant warfare.

11. How was feudal society structured and what were the mutual obligations? Lord- protection and land for his vassals Vassal- Loyalty to his lord in exchange for a fief Knight – loyalty to his lord and defense of his lord’s land in exchange for a fief. A Vassal could be a lord and a knight.

12. Castles Purpose of the Medieval Castle? Castles were needed for protection from constant warfare. Common structures of Medieval Castles? Stone, thick walls, rounded towers, reinforced doors, moat and a keep

13. The World of Nobles Knighthood The 3 stages of knighthood? Page Squire Knight The purpose of tournaments? Mock battles in order to train for the real thing. Chivalry? A code of conduct followed by knights. Defined relationships between noblemen and noblewomen.

14. What was the role of manorialism within the feudal system?  This is the economic side of feudalism.  Self sufficient.  Included the lord’s house, pastures, fields, forests, a church, and a village where the peasants lived.  Most peasants were serfs. serfs – peasants bound to the land.

15. The Church What was the role of religion during the Middle Ages? Why?  The center of most people’s lives.  Most powerful institution in western Europe The Church Hierarchy?  priests, bishops, archbishops, pope (ascending order) Secular Clergy v. Regular Clergy?  Regular clergy includes Nuns and Monks (lived apart)  Secular clergy ( worldly) includes Pope, Archbishops, Bishops and Priests.

16. The Benedictine Order?  An order for monks founded by Benedict Primary example for monks in other communities. What was the role of monasticism during the Middle Ages?  Preserved ancient religious works, copied scrolls and books  Aid for the sick  Schools for children  Food for needy  Guest houses for travelers How & why did the church become corrupt?  Church became very wealthy. Nobles donated money to ensure their salvation. Nobles began to dominate and control church. This led to corruption.

17. SACRAMENTS Holy rituals important for salvation  Baptism  Communion  Confirmation  Confession  Marriage  Last Rites  Holy Orders

18.  Excommunication- banishment from the church  Interdict -many sacraments and religious services could not be performed on king’s land  Heresy – when a person denies church teachings  Simony- bishops sold positions in the church  They collected taxes/tythes

19. The Crusades What was the primary cause of the Crusades? To take Jerusalem back from the Muslims. List the motives for JOINING the Crusades.  Religious zeal- forgiveness of sins,  Hope for prestige, wealth and zeal- release from feudal obligations.  Desire for adventure List the Church’s motives for PARTICIPATING in the Crusades.  Reclaim the Holy Land  Increase power  End fighting between Christian knights How did the Crusades impact Western Europe?  Pope loses power, feudalism declines, monarchs stronger, money economy, trade increases

20. Culture & the Late Middle Ages The Development of Universities-  begin as learning guilds.  limited to theology, law and medicine.  development of academic degrees. Scholasticism  Intellectual movement that attempted to reconcile faith and reason.( church teachings and Aristotle’s logic.  St. Thomas Aquinas- basic religious truths could be proved through logic Vernacular Literature Dante Alighieri- The Divine Comedy- author’s journey through heaven, hell and purgatory Geoffrey Chaucer – Father of Modern English Canterbury's Tales Medieval Architecture – Romanesque Architecture v. Gothic Architecture  Gothic – pointed arches, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, rose windows, elaborate, ornate, taller, airy, lots of light, sculpture.  Romanesque – rounded arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, darker, simple interiors, small windows at the top of walls.

21. The Late Middle Ages – Death & Destruction The Hundred Years War What was the cause of the Hundred Years War? Dispute between the English and French over the French throne. Who was the victor? Why and how? France wins, French King Charles VII was crowned. What were the overarching effects on Western Europe? Nationalism King more powerful than feudal lord or church

22. The Great Schism What was the cause of the Great Schism?  There was a disagreement over who should be pope.  The disagreement was between the French king the Pope How was the Schism resolved?  For awhile there were two popes – one French and one Italian  Lasted until 1417 when church council finally decided on one pope. What was the impact of the Great Schism?  People thought that many clergy were more concerned with wealth and power than religion and faith.

23. The Black Death What was the Black Death?  wiped out 1/3 to ½ of the population of Europe.  It was spread by fleas carried on rats but the people did not know this. What was the impact of the Black Death on Western Europe?  Population declined, less trade, serfs left the manors and serfdom ended, people lost faith How did the Jewish community become a scapegoat during this time period?  People thought Jews had poisoned the water

24.  People question traditions  They lose faith in the church  Nationalism  Kings more powerful than church  Money economy  Serfdom ends

25.  Fall of Rome  Clovis converts to Christianity, unites Franks  Charles Martel defeats Muslims at Battle of Tours  Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome  Louis the Pious becomes king  Civil War over Charlemagne’s empire  Treaty of Verdun dividing the empire  Growth of feudalism  Crusades  Black Death begins  Hundred Years War  The Renaissance begins