1. Outcome: Use selected properties to identify common rock forming mineral groups, including carbonates, halides, oxides, silicates, sulfates, and sulfides. Warm-Up: Review your notes for 5 minutes Due today: Atomic structure quiz; Lab data and questions Homework: NONE Upcoming Events: 9/15: Mineral Quiz; Rocks 9/17: Rock lab; Sign off day Table of Contents

2. Today: Quiz Review Minerals Notes Finish Minerals lab analysis and conclusion

4. Minerals Minerals are made of compounds. Different combinations of elements create different minerals. Different amounts of elements within the same compound combination make different minerals. Let’s find out how…

5. How are minerals formed?

6. 1. Mineral: A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic (not from anything living) solid with a definite chemical structure and composition.

7. As magma cools beneath the earth’s surface, the different elements & compounds present combine & arrange into repeating patterns called crystals.

8. Crystal size depends upon: how deep & how fast molten rock cools. Deep magma cools slowly & has larger crystals! Magma that hardens closer to the surface cools faster & has smaller crystals! Fast cooling, small crystals. Slow cooling, large crystals.

9. Exploring Rates of Crystallization We will complete a lab about this topic when I return

10. Mineral crystals form when elements & compounds remain behind when water evaporates. Halite (rock salt) Gypsum

11. Minerals formed when liquid solutions containing elements & compounds trickle in and harden between spaces & cavities within rocks. A solution of water & silica hardens in a hollow rock. A solution of dissolved calcite and water form stalagmites & stalactites in limestone caves.

12. Periodic Table

14. Make a key Green = native Red outline = sulfide Blue = silicate Orange outline = carbonate Purple = halides Yellow outline = oxide

15. Classifying Minerals

16. 1. Native Elements- A group of naturally occurring metals and non-metals that are composed mainly of one element. Copper Sulfur Diamond (carbon) Gold SilverGraphite (carbon)

17. Find these elements on your periodic table and color them green. Copper (Cu) Sulfur (S) Carbon (C) Silver (Ag) Gold (Au)

18. C Ag S Au Cu

19. - Sulfides are minerals composed of a metal combine with sulfur (S). Sulfides have metallic luster, high densities, dark colored streaks, & soft to average hardness. 2. Sulfides Pyrite (FeS 2 ) Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) Galena (PbS) Bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 )

20. Find this elements on your periodic table and outline it in red. Sulfur (S)

21. C Ag S Au Cu

22. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Go to the last column “Mineral Group” Look for pyrite (#3) Write the formula (Fe 2 S) in the mineral group for pyrite. Then answer: What mineral group is pyrite? Write your answer in the box.

23. 3. Silicates- Minerals compose mainly of oxygen & silicon. Largest class of minerals. 30% of all minerals and 90% of earth’s crust are silicates. Amethyst (SiO 2 ) Quartz (SiO 2 ) Geode/ Agate (SiO 2 ) Feldspar (KAlSi 3 O 8 ) Olivine (MgFe) 2 SiO 4 Mica KAl(Si 3 O 10 ) Talc Mg 3 SiO 4

24. Find these elements on your periodic table and color them in blue. Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si)

25. C Ag S Au Cu O Si

26. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Go to the last column “Mineral Group” Look for: feldspar, quartz, mica and talc Write the formulas for each mineral in the mineral group. Then answer: What mineral group is …? Write your answer in the box. Quartz SiO 2 Feldspar KAlSi 3 O 8 Mica KAl(Si 3 O 10 ) Talc Mg 3 SiO 4

27. 4. Carbonates- Minerals composed mainly of the compound CO 3. called carbonate Malachite Cu 2 ( CO 3 ).(OH) 2 Smithsonite (ZnCaCO 3 ) Calcite (CaCO 3 ) Dolomite CaMg(CaCO 3 ) 2 Azurite Cu 3 ( CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2

28. Find these elements on your periodic table and outline the letters in orange. Carbon (C) Oxygen (O)

29. C Ag S Au Cu O Si

30. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Go to the last column “Mineral Group” Look for: calcite Write the formula for each mineral in the mineral group. Then answer: What mineral group is …? Write your answer in the box. Calcite (CaCO 3 )

31. 5. Halides- A mineral class whose members all contain one of the halogen elements: fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine. Fluorite CaF 2 Halite NaCl

32. Find these elements on your periodic table and color them in purple. Fluorine (F) Chlorine (Cl) Iodine (I) Bromine (Br)

33. C Ag S Au Cu O Si F Cl Br I

34. 6. Oxides- A mineral class whose chemical makeup contains oxygen. Limonite (OH) Fe 2 O 3 Magnetite Fe 3 O 4 Corundum Al 2 O 3 Hematite Fe 2 O 3 Cuprite Cu 2 O

35. yellowFind this elements on your periodic table and outline it in yellow. Oxygen (O)Oxygen (O)

36. C Ag S Au Cu O Si F Cl Br I

37. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Go to the last column “Mineral Group” Look for: calcite Write the formula for each mineral in the mineral group. Then answer: What mineral group is …? Write your answer in the box. Calcite (CaCO 3 )

38. What is Gypsum? Gypsum is an evaporite mineral most commonly found in layered sedimentary deposits in association with halite, anhydrite, sulfur, calcite and dolomite. Gypsum (CaSO 4. 2H 2 O) is very similar to Anhydrite (CaSO 4 ). The chemical difference is that gypsum contains two waters and anhydrite is without water. Gypsum is the most common sulfate mineral.

39. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Go to the last column “Mineral Group” Look for: gypsum Write the formula for each mineral in the mineral group. Then answer: What mineral group is …? Write your answer in the box.

40. How do we identify minerals?

41. With over 4,000 known minerals, mineralogists use the following list of physical properties to identify minerals. 1. Color- Color alone is not a very good physical indicator because many individual minerals come in a variety of colors. Diamonds are great examples of an individual mineral that comes in a variety of colors. The presence of trace elements strongly influence the color of a mineral. a) Iron (Fe) – red & yellow b) Copper (Cu) – green & blue c) Cobalt (Co)- violet & red d) Manganese (Mn) – pink e) Chromium (Cr) –orange/red

42. With over 4,000 known minerals, mineralogists use the following list of physical properties to identify minerals. Quartz Clear Pink Smokey Fluorite Purple Red Yellow Chlorite Grayish Green Biotite Mica Black Purple-red Brown-blue Corundum Malachite Green Garnet Reddish Brown Azurite Blue Gypsum Clear-White- Tan- Pink

43. Mohs Hardness Scale Talc- Softest of all minerals. Gypsum Fluorite Calcite Apatite Magnetite & Feldspar QuartzTopaz Corundum Diamond Hardest of all minerals. A finger nail’s hardness is 2.5. A copper penny’s hardness is 3.5. The hardness of glass is 5.5. A porcelain streak plate’s hardness is 6.5. With over 4,000 known minerals, mineralogists use the following list of physical properties to identify minerals.

44. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Go to the column “relative hardness.” With a different color writing utensil, write in the hardness according to “Moh’s hardness scale”

45. Check your work: Hardness Feldspar-6 Hematite- 5.5 Pyrite- 6.5 Quartz-7 Gypsum-2 Mica-2.5 Magnetite- 6 Calcite-3 Talc-1

46. With over 4000 known minerals, mineralogists use the following list of physical properties to identify minerals. A description of the way light interacts with a mineral’s surface. Dull Non-reflective surface Pearly Like a pearl Greasy Greasy appearance Metallic The look of metals Waxy The look of wax Glassy The look of glass Shiny Highly Reflective

47. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Go to the column “luster” With a different color writing utensil, check your work.

48. Check your work: Luster NM = non metallic; M = metallic Feldspar-NM Hematite- M Pyrite- M Quartz-NM Gypsum-NM Mica-NM Magnetite- NM Calcite-NM Talc-NM

49. With over 4000 known minerals, mineralogists use the following list of physical properties to identify minerals. Minerals usually form distinctive crystals in one of six different crystalline structures.

50. Hexagonal Aquamarine (Six-sided) Beryl Vanadinite Corundum

51. Cubic Isometric or (Symmetrical) Halite Galena Fluorite Diamonds

52. Tetragonal Scapolite Apophyllite Zircon Wulfenite Autunite (Four-sided)

53. Monoclinic Borax Gypsum Biotite Mica Muscovite Mica Azurite (one-sided)

54. Trigonal Magnesite Dolomite Calcite Davite

55. 5. Streak Mineral leaves a color when rubbed. 8. Density Mass divided by volume The S.P. of Gold is 19 7. Cleavage How a mineral breaks How the surface of a mineral feels. Smooth Rough Course Bumpy 6. Fracture Type of fracture where mineral splits evenly

56. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Go to the column “streak” With a different color writing utensil, check your work.

57. Check your work: Streak Feldspar-colorless Hematite- reddish-brown Pyrite- greenish black Quartz-none Gypsum-white Mica-colorless or light brown Magnetite- black Calcite-white Talc-white

59. During this section, we will take a look at some uses of minerals.

60. Makeup Talc Hematite Wristwatch Quartz Matches Sulfur Toothpaste Fluorite Batteries Graphite Galena Graphite

61. Sheetrock Gypsum Trash Can Hematite Chromite Bathtub Feldspar Glass Quartz Aluminum Bauxite Cement Calcite

62. Minerals are all around us. Everywhere you look, even inside of your body, you will find minerals. They make up our muscles, our bones, our teeth, our clothing, our furniture, our appliances, our homes, our transportation, our entire world & beyond.

63. Minerals Lab Go to your minerals lab. Answer the Analysis and Conclusion questions. Don’t forget to use RACE. Turn in your work upon completion. See you soon