2. Atoms Atoms – basic building blocks for all ____________; consist of 3 basic components: _______, ______, _______

3. Atoms combine to form Elements Elements combine to form minerals

4. What are minerals? All minerals must have certain characteristics to be, umm… minerals. Minerals must; 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. Minerals form in three basic ways 1. 2. 3.

6. All _______________of a mineral (Luster, hardness, color, etc.), are determined by the ________________ _________________.

7. Minerals can have the same _______________ (Carbon) but different ______________because of their crystal structure Diamond Graphite Both made of just ______ The differences are because of the different _________ _________________

8. Graphite Weak bonds The arrangement of atoms, and _________, make graphite the way it is. The bonds are so weak, graphite is used as an industrial lubricant.

9. Diamond Strong bonds The arrangement of atoms, and __________, make diamond the way it is. Diamond is the _____________known on Earth.

10. Let’s take a look at quartz’s __________ ___________of atoms. Quartz has the _____________SiO 2 That means that there _________atom (Si) for every _________________(O 2 ).

11. Quartz has its elements (________) arranged in the shape of a __________. What? A tetrahedron is just a fancy word for a _____________

12. 3D triangle or ___________ OSi O O O This is the shape the elements in quartz make. Quartz (SiO 2 )

13. OSi O O O Why is the chemical formula for quartz, SiO2? Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedon

14. Silicon Oxygen The ______and ______ atoms are held together by __________, so quartz is a _________________. There are many tetrahedra linked together in a sample of _________

15. Since quartz is such a ___________it is ________to _______. Quartz is one of the last minerals left over when a rock gets ___________” by erosion. Lets erode a common rock and see what is left over. Most of the sand on a ________ beach is quartz.

16. South Hampton on the south shore of LI Zoomed in picture of the quartz sand Most of the sand on a south shore beach is ____.

17. Reference Tables Composition of Earth’s Crust Cover Page

18. Q: Which two elements in the crust represent the largest percentage of Earth’s mass? A:

21. Those 2 elements (silicon & oxygen) are very _______ in _________. It makes sense; elements make up minerals, so the most ________ _________ (silicon & oxygen) should be in most _________. Last page of your reference tables.

22. Look at how _____ and _____ are in almost every mineral

24. Which element makes up the largest percentage by volume in Earth’s crust? A: Cover page of your reference tables.

26. Lets go over the different types of physical properties. Color -______ is the most obvious mineral quality but is often __________. These are all samples of the same mineral, _______, but as you see, it can come in several colors

27. ______ ______ Plus many _______ minerals can be the _____color, which of course doesn’t help.

28. More Physical Properties Streak - The ______ of the mineral’s powder when ______ on a ____________. To find the streak of a ______ scratch it on a streak plate. Hematite

29. More Physical Properties Streak - The color of the mineral’s powder when scratched on a streak plate. Check it out!!! This mineral looks black, but when you ______ it on a streak plate it becomes ______/_______… hmm interesting. Hematite

30. Streak shows the __________of a mineral. A mineral may be found in a multitude of colors but the ______ of a mineral ____________.

31. More Physical Properties Luster – The way a mineral _______ or doesn't _________. _____________can change the _____of a mineral; so the true luster of a mineral is best viewed on a _________. There are ____ basic types of luster…

32. ___________ – the mineral shines like a piece of metal. Look at that nice shiny surface A mineral with a metallic _____ looks like a freshly polished piece of _______.

33. ___________ Luster – the mineral does not shine like a piece of metal. There are ____ types of non-metallic lusters, we will see many examples of this along the way. 1. _____ – can look like a clump of wax or a piece of plastic _______

34. Non-metallic Luster – the mineral does not shine like a piece of metal. There are many types of non-metallic lusters, we will see many examples of this along the way. 2. Glassy (______) – Sample looks like a piece of ______. _____

35. Non-metallic Luster – the mineral does not shine like a piece of metal. There are many types of non-metallic lusters, we will see many examples of this along the way. 3. _____– looks like the inside of a sea shell or oily. ____

36. Non-metallic Luster – the mineral does not shine like a piece of metal. There are many types of non-metallic lusters, we will see many examples of this along the way. 4. Dull (____) – sample looks like soil or ____, no shine at all. ______

37. More Physical Properties Hardness- The mineral’s _________ to scratching. Remember, hardness is ____ how easy a mineral breaks. A diamond is the ________ ______, but if one were to fall onto a hard surface it may ___. One of the softest minerals, __, if dropped may _____________.

38. More Physical Properties Hardness - The mineral’s resistance to scratching. Remember, hardness is not how easy a mineral breaks. Since Hardness is a test on the _______ ______ to ________ we need a way to test it…

39. 2. Start with the _______ scratching tool (your finger nail), try scratching the _______, if it scratches then you know your mineral has a hardness less than _____ The method to test hardness Fingernail Penny Iron Nail Glass Plate Steel File Streak Plate 1.Find a flat surface on the mineral you want to identify. Common scratching tools ToolHardness 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7

40. The method to test hardness Fingernail Penny Iron Nail Glass Plate Steel File Streak Plate Common scratching tools ToolHardness 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7 H < 2.5 _______ Look at your reference tables (Last Page). What might this be?

41. 3. If the mineral does not scratch in the previous step then try the next tool up on the hardness scale (penny then the nail and so on) until the mineral _______. Once you find the tool that scratches the mineral you know the mineral is ______ the hardness of the tool that just scratched it and the one right before that could not. Fingernail Penny Iron Nail Glass Plate Steel File Streak Plate Common scratching tools ToolHardness 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7 The method to test hardness

42. Fingernail Penny Iron Nail Glass Plate Steel File Streak Plate Common scratching tools ToolHardness 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7 Finger nail does not scratch it… H > 2.5 The penny does not scratch it… H > 3.5 The iron nail does scratch it… H < 4.5 H = 4 Fluorite What could it be? The method to test hardness

43. More Physical Properties _______- the tendency of a mineral to split along _________ of __________. Cleavage in 2 directions Not here, because the side is rough

44. Cleavage in _ ________, breaks into sheets The mineral can split easily into sheets.

45. Perfect in _ _________, forms cubes. ____________– The mineral breaks into cubes

46. ________ – ________ breaking of the mineral. Fracture is the opposite of cleavage The mineral ________ instead of breaking into flat surfaces conchoidal fracture

47. Other types of properties you can test Smell – Some minerals have a characteristic smell Taste – Some minerals, like ________, have a characteristic taste. Halite tastes like _______. Do not taste anything in the lab unless instructed to do so. Magnetism – Some minerals, like _______ will attract ____ objects like a paperclip. ____________ – Sort of like density, if a mineral “feels” _______ then it should be for its size then it has a high specific gravity.

48. Other types of properties you can test ____________ minerals– Some minerals glow while being exposed to ___________. ________________– If you look through a clear sample of _________onto printed paper you will see ________.

49. Acid Test – The minerals, _______and crushed _______, will _______ when hydrochloric acid (___) is applied to the mineral’s surface.

50. HCl Acid Calcite

51. Take out your reference tables Last Page Mineral information

52. Luster

53. Hardness

54. Cleavage/Fracture

55. Color

56. Distinguishing characteristics

57. Uses

58. Mineral Name

59. Composition